India And Other Popular Tourist Destination Tourism Essay

India And Other Popular Tourist Destination Tourism Essay In India and tourism countries throughout the world, the main aim traditionally had been towards making the destination appealing to the mass audience. Mass tourism markets had remained fundamental towards the growth of Indias tourism industry, diversity in tourism experiences and increased competition between varied destinations has fuelled towards the need of targeting special interest visitors. Tourists will increasingly seek products that will fulfill their particular tourist needs. Accordingly, many visitors are attracted towards the country mainly for customized special experiences, like education, business or sports experiences. The special interests visitors are referred as niche markets by their tourism departments and agencies. Typically, niche market is considered as a small, yet profitable, group of customers. The bottom-up approach, and the needs of niche market are primarily identified and experiences meeting their specific needs are developed. This approach enables India to capitalize on the tourism competitive advantages that the country has in tourism marketplace, allows to attract high yielding tourists, and promotes the growth and diversification in the countrys tourism industry. Special interest tourism has recently become a high growth area within travel industry. Although, the number of special tourism remained a small percentage of the total international visitors, the high growth rate and confluent character of special interest tourism sector has attracted varied commercial attention. Despite of the fact that there is increased commercialization and international scope of research on special interest tourism, many countries have systematically invigilated the global and business organization of the special interest tourism industry. Competition for peoples time is increasing day by day, recreation and leisure time activities away from home (like tourism) must be completed needs to be completed for the limited time of other home based recreational and leisure time activities. Longer working hours and increasing work pressures are promoting increasing focus on the value of recreational and leisure time. Thirty percent of working Indians dont have a working holiday. The result of this is that the short-term break holidays have become a norm in the country. Table of contents Executive Summary 1 Introduction 3 Special Interest Tourism 3 Rationale 4 Range of Products and Services 5 Management of Trips 9 Conclusion 11 References 12 Introduction In India and tourism countries throughout the world, the main aim traditionally had been towards making the destination appealing to the mass audience. Mass tourism markets had remained fundamental towards the growth of Indias tourism industry, diversity in tourism experiences and increased competition between varied destinations has fuelled towards the need of targeting special interest visitors. Tourists will increasingly seek products that will fulfill their particular tourist needs. Accordingly, many visitors are attracted towards the country mainly for customized special experiences, like education, business or sports experiences. The special interests visitors are referred as niche markets by their tourism departments and agencies. Typically, niche market is considered as a small, yet profitable, group of customers. The bottom-up approach, and the needs of niche market are primarily identified and experiences meeting their specific needs are developed. This approach enables India to capitalize on the tourism competitive advantages that the country has in tourism marketplace, allows to attract high yielding tourists, and promotes the growth and diversification in the countrys tourism industry. Special Interest Tourism Within the tourism industry, special interest tourism is considered to be the fastest growing area worldwide. It comprises mainly of diverse groups of tourism activities that stands distinct from the different traditional tourism products, suggesting how tourists are beginning to demand stimulating and varied holiday experiences. The special interest tourism today has become a niche market for any countrys tourism industry. Typically, niche market is considered as a small, yet profitable, group of customers. The bottom-up approach, and the needs of niche market are primarily identified and experiences meeting their specific needs are developed. This approach enables India to capitalize on the tourism competitive advantages that the country has in tourism marketplace, allows to attract high yielding tourists, and promotes the growth and diversification in the countrys tourism industry. Special interest tourism has recently become a high growth area within travel industry. Although, the number of special tourism remained a small percentage of the total international visitors, the high growth rate and confluent character of special interest tourism sector has attracted varied commercial attention. Despite of the fact that there is increased commercialization and international scope of research on special interest tourism, many countries have systematically invigilated the global and business organization of the special interest tourism industry. Rationale From the strategic perspective, the best niche markets that are best to focus are: The characteristics and qualities in the city are aligned to the needs of targeted niche market The targeted city should have a competitive advantage over the other cities and globally pertaining to the quality and quantity of expertise and services and hard infrastructure like equipments and facilities that can be provided; The target should represent an emerging market; The barriers to growth in the target should be limited and manageable; The strategic perspective should reflect the strategic direction of the target as a whole The analysis of the country revealed 7 niche markets meeting the above criteria. Sports Tourism Business Tourism Study Tourism Event Tourism Heath tourism Youth culture tourism Marine tourism The anticipated outcomes in development of these niche markets include: Enhanced awareness of elements of Indian lifestyle; Investment promotion in tourism products and infrastructure Building the profile and capability of Indian industries to assist in the booming economy Creation of multi-dimensional image if the country as the place of visit, working and doing business. Competition for peoples time is increasing day by day, recreation and leisure time activities away from home (like tourism) must be completed needs to be completed for the limited time of other home based recreational and leisure time activities. Longer working hours and increasing work pressures are promoting increasing focus on the value of recreational and leisure time. Thirty percent of working Indians dont have a working holiday. The result of this is that the short-term break holidays have become a norm in the country. Also, at the same time, India has a growing movement towards leisure and home-related recreation, particularly in home renovation and improvements. The activities have often resulted in investment in oneself. Range of Products and Services The development of the targeted tourism products to attract niche markets to India represents an excellent opportunity to move ahead of leisure and recreation along with investing in one self by visiting various places in India. This investment could be: Towards learning something new and to gain knowledge and education Towards enriching physical, psychological and spiritual health Towards building better businesses, networks and social relationships Towards enhancing the social status Towards improving the sense of identity The investments should be integrated into strategic planning of the developments of all the niche markets. The range of products for the special interest tourism products and services could be: Sports Tourism: The convergence of tourists endeavors with sporting pursuits has provoked an increasing interest, understanding and recognition of the market. There has been an emergence of niche market referred to as sport tourism. The three principal types of sport tourism include: Active Sport Tourism: People actively participating in the sporting experience as a tourist. Event Sport Tourists: Tourists who attend the event as a spectator, and Nostalgic Sport Tourist: Tourists who visit the country to pay homage to sports. (E.g. hall of fame). The niche market of sport tourism needs to concentrate on active sport tourism. Given that India does not have advantage in nostalgic sport tourist market, event sport tourist needs to be incorporated in overall development of niche event tourism. The events like commonwealth games in India are another attraction towards sports tourisms. Also, there are traditional sports events in the country like events in the festivals and various cricketing events that could attract tourism in the country. Few cities in the country also provide for adventure tourism with excellent climate and landscape. The experience seek by adventure tourists involve significant amount of risks. Some of the products of adventure tourism include: Hot-air ballooning Wave Surfing, wind surfing and kite surfing Snorkeling along with scuba diving Performance diving along with four-wheel driving Deep sea fishing Rock climbing River rafting Mountain bike riding Horse riding, and Bungee jumping Business Tourism: India has become emerging market in the convention and international business. India is among the top 10 countries holding meetings, conferencing including business travels, incentive and meeting event. Historically the global business tourism in India focused on the domestic markets. But as the Indian economy is growing at a very fast rate more than many other developing countries in the world, it has become a market of business tourism hub. With enormous amount of multinational companies gaining market share in India, the business tourism in India has increased manifold in past few years. The development of the countrys global tourism and the opening of Indian convention and exhibition centers are representing a high opportunity towards adding another dimension to the countrys image. The developments in business tourism have significant impact on the countrys economic base. Foreign companies like Microsoft, IBM, HP and many more hold their business meetings in India and these meeting become the part of their business trips and tourism. Study Tourism: India is the country of IITs and IIMs and many more renowned universities providing significant courses and degrees. Study tourism has also seen rise in the country in the past few years. The country offers ideal environment for studying with quality education providers, natural assets and attractions, hospitable community, safe environment and warm climate along with world-class infrastructure and support services. Study tourism means travelling for undertaking some university course, or a recreational course. The country boosts various technology and management colleges that are world renowned like Indian Institute of technology and Indian institute of management. With the advent of foreign universities in the country the amount of study tourists are increasing in the country. Event Tourism: In the past one decade the profile of event tourism has escalated in the country. In India particular attention is give towards optimization of economic benefits of these events for the different communities. There are three types of events happening in the country. First are the Mega events, second the hall mark events and thirdly the community-based events. Different festive events within the country add to the event tourism within the country. Community events have continued to play an important role in countrys event calendars for the local residents. The development of mega events in the country and its strategies does not fit in the infrastructural profile of the country at the time the strategy is written. Few cities in the country also provide for adventure tourism with excellent climate and landscape. The experience seek by adventure tourists involve significant amount of risks. Health tourism: Travelling for health is the fastest growing sector in the tourism industry. This market include travel to: An environment or place or climate where tourists can make the most out of health benefits. The place where tourists can revitalize their mind and body The place where tourists can relax and unwind The place where the tourists can utilize their health infrastructure and various services available for some specific medical reason. As the list has indicated that the visitors need not to be necessarily ill for being health and wellness tourists. Most people travelling for health reasons also seek self-improvements and Youth culture tourism: Youth cultures are highly prevalent in the Indian states. Various festivals in the country include the youth events including other cultural events. from its fun to the annual pilgrimage of the countrys youth, India has a strong association with every culture. Within the overall Indian market, the country is full of youth population studying in different schools, colleges and universities. The youth culture tourism market represents numerous opportunities for India as the major place of celebrating popular events. In India particular attention is give towards optimization of economic benefits of these events for the different communities. There are three types of events happening in the country. First are the Mega events, second the hall mark events and thirdly the community-based events. Different festive events within the country add to the event tourism within the country. Community events have continued to play an important role in countrys event calendars for the local residents. Marine Tourism: Indian has various coastal areas like Mumbai, Goa, Chennai, which are added attractions toward marine tourism. The Indian council has been active in promotion of India as a marine tourist destination. The infrastructural requirements in the country are improving for attracting Super Yacht owners and builders in the costal areas. The niche market of sport tourism needs to concentrate on active sport tourism. Given that India does not have advantage in nostalgic sport tourist market, event sport tourist needs to be incorporated in overall development of niche event tourism. The events like commonwealth games in India are another attraction towards sports tourisms. Also, there are traditional sports events in the country like events in the festivals and various cricketing events that could attract tourism in the country. Management of Trips Within the tourism industry, special interest tourism is considered to be the fastest growing area worldwide. It comprises mainly of diverse groups of tourism activities that stands distinct from the different traditional tourism products, suggesting how tourists are beginning to demand stimulating and varied holiday experiences. The special interest tourism today has become a niche market for any countrys tourism industry. Tourists will increasingly seek products that will fulfill their particular tourist needs. Accordingly, many visitors are attracted towards the country mainly for customized special experiences, like education, business or sports experiences. The special interests visitors are referred as niche markets by their tourism departments and agencies. The convergence of tourists endeavors with sporting pursuits has provoked an increasing interest, understanding and recognition of the market. There has been an emergence of niche market referred to as sport tourism. Different tour Packages for the tourists Trip To Andaman Islands: Trip to Darjeeling and Gangtok Trip to Sunder bans Trip to Ladakh Trip to Kashmir Trip to Rajasthan Trip to Kerela Trip to Assam including Sikkim, Manipur and Mizoram Management of Trips: The management has to make some policies for the management of the trips including the following: All payments should be taken in advance Hotel for accommodation should have check-out time as 7:00 am as this will save another day rent for the company. Rates should be changed in case of any changes in transport and hotel and increase in government taxes. Limitations should be made on free baggage allowed during the trip Company should reserve the right of rescheduling the trip, sequence of activities including sightseeing. Company should provide holiday insurance to its customers at minimal extra costs. Company should make appropriate policy towards the trip cancellation fee along with the number of days for each penalty of cancellation. Conclusion The development of the targeted tourism products to attract niche markets to India represents an excellent opportunity to move ahead of leisure and recreation along with investing in one self by visiting various places in India. The mixture of different products and service will attract more special interest tourism into the country.

Effect of Radiofrequency of GSM Phones on the Brain

Effect of Radiofrequency of GSM Phones on the Brain CHAPTER ONE 1.0  INTRODUCTION There has been growing concern about the possible adverse health effects resulting from exposure to radiofrequency radiations (RFR), such as those from mobile communication devices. This radiation belongs to the type called non-ionizing radiation the health hazard of which remains debatable (Ayeni et al., 2011). The possible risks of microwaves for the human body has attracted interest since the 1960s (i.e., before the arrival of mobile phones), when radar and microwave ovens posed a possible health problem ( Salford et al., 2003). ( Oscar and Hawkins, 1977) performed early studies on effects of RF EMFs on the blood-brain barrier. They demonstrated that at very low energy levels (less than 10 W/m2),the fields in a restricted exposure window caused a significant leakage of 14C-mannitol, inulin, and also dextran (same molecular weight as albumin) from the capillaries into the surrounding cerebellar brain tissue. A recent in vitro study has shown that EMF at 1.8GHz increase the permeabi lity of the blood-brain barrier to sucrose (Schirmacher et at. 2000). Shivers and colleagues (Shivers et al., 1987 and Prato et al.,1990) examined the effect of magnetic resonance imaging upon the rat brain. They showed that the combined exposure to RF EMFs and pulsed and static magnetic Fields gave rise to a significant pinocytotic transport of albumin from the capillaries into the brain. (Hassel et al., 1994) have shown that autologous albumin injected into the brain tissue of rats leads to damage to neurons at the injection site when the concentration of albumin in the injected solution is at least 25% of that in blood. The voluntary exposure of the brain to microwaves from hand-held mobile phones by one-fourth of the worlds population has been called the largest human biologic experiment ever (Salford et al., 2001). When using mobile phone, electromagnetic wave is transferred to the body which causes health problems especially at the place near ear skull region where they are kn own to affect the neurones. The possible risks of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMFs) for the human body is a growing concern for our society (Hyland 2000). Most researchers in the field have dwelled on the question of whether RF EMFs may induce or promote cancer growth. Although some have indicated increased risk (Hardell et al., 2002 and Repacholi et al. 1997), most studies, including our own, have shown no effects (Salford et al. 1997a) or even a decreased risk (Adey et al., 1999). The study of (Schà ¶rnborn et al., 1998) showed that the adult human head absorbs 80% of the radiation emitted by a cellular telephone. The extensive use of cellular communication devices is accompanied by public concerns about possible harmful effects on human health as a result of exposure to electromagnetic (EM) radiation from these devices(Purushothaman et al., 2013). Thermal biological effects of microwave radiation have been investigated both from the experimental and numerical view points(Elwasife 2012). Damaged neurons, as revealed by cresyl violet staining, were found amongst normal neurons in cerebral cortex, hippocampus and basal ganglia., with a maximum incidence around 2%, but in some restricted areas, dominated the picture. Heating and heat exchange have been viewed as measures of essential processes in the brain and other living tissues, and intrinsic thermal energy has been seen as setting an immutable threshold for external stimulation ([Adair, 1994]). 1.1`Background of the study During recent years, GSM mobile phones (Global System for Mobile Telecommunications), the most powerful RF transmitters in our everyday environment, have become widely and increasingly used by the public and to date there is no clear evidence about their possible biological effects(Panagopoulos et al, 2004). A number of recent developments have resulted in renewed interest in and concern among scientists and the general public about the biological effects of microwave and radiofrequency radiation exposure (Cleary 1977). All life on earth is bathed in a sea of natural low-frequency electromagnetic (EM) fields from conception to death (Adey 2007). In recent times, many people have expressed an interest in learning if the use of cell phones is associated with cancer. Many have heard or read about possible links between cell phones and cancer, but conclusions are rarely definitive ( Zamanian and Hardiman, 2005). It is known that the numbers of people that are using mobile phone in the wo rld are increasing daily (As of November 2011, there were more than 6 billion subscriptions worldwide). Thus it is very important for us to look into the possible danger that may be involved in the usage of phone, since it is a device that receive and send signal (information) using antenna by generating and receiving radio frequency wave. And it is known that radio wave is a form of electromagnetic wave (RIVUX G), which of cause have some danger to human body. Further, the human head is one of the most sensitive organs for EM radiation (Purushothaman et al., 2013). A common concern today, since more and more people are using cell phones than ever before, is that cell phone antennas radiate near a person’s head (Zamanian and Hardiman, 2005). Radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation has been reported to produce a number of biological effects on biomolecules, cells, and whole organisms, including changes in intracellular ionic concentrations, the synthesis rate of differe nt biomolecules, cell proliferation rates, the reproductive capacity of animals, etc (Panagopoulos et al, 2004). Thus the GSM have to be look into to know it effect on the brain. The phone manufacturers have silence on the danger that GSM can cause on the brain but never the less we have to look into the radiation produce from the GSM and known whether it cause any adverse effect on brain. 1.2  Problem statement Radio Frequency (RF) engineers are faced many times with the following two questions: â€Å"What are the effects of radio waves on human health?† and, more specifically, â€Å"What health risks are associated with the use of cell phones, mobile radios, microwave radios, microwave ovens, broadcast radio and television transmitters, power lines and X-rays?( Zamanian and Hardiman, 2005). The obvious problem encountered in the establishment of causal relationships for low intensity microwave-induced alterations in biological systems is the lack of physical interaction mechanisms to explain such phenomena (Cleary, 1977). In this mode of operation, a mobile phone may be regarded as a quite powerful radio transmitter. Its emission at the head surface is typically 10,000 times stronger than fields reaching the head of a user standing within 30 m of the base of a typical mobile phone relay transponder mounted on a tower 30m above ground (Adey 2007). Many people in Nigeria does not kno w the danger the GSM can make them to be expose to by just using it. As many that use the phone have complain of headache, loss of memory, weakness and so on. But they still could not understand the possible causes of these disorderliness in their head, thus there is need for us to look into the study matter and see if the GSM have any possible cause to their problem. Studies of the behavioral effects of low intensity microwave and radiofrequency radiation have produced what appear to be rather contradictory or  inconsistent results. (Cleargy, 1977). 1.3  Justification of the study This study will make the people know the danger that GSM phone can cause in their brain and help them know the symptoms of the effect. Public concern has been aroused by the news media in which attention has been drawn to a number of international incidents involving intentional exposure of humans to microwave fields (Brodeur, 1976). So that people will not be blind folded and just base their mind on the positive effects the GSM has, and not considering the adverse effect it can cause to human brain. Although some group like the international commission on non ionizing radiation protection (ICNIRP) and mobile manufacturer forum (MMF) that manufacturers mobile equipments and GSM operator across the world insists that there are no discernible effects from the RF radiated from base station and mobile phone (Shalangwa et al., 2011). Scientific interest has been kindled by reports that have appeared during the past few years which consistently suggest that biological systems, both in vivo and in vitro, are affected by exposure to field intensities that were formerly thought to be incapable of producing detectable alterations (Taylor and Cheung 1977). But this study will pose us into possible danger that may be result from the use of GSM. Therefore people in Nigeria will not just buy mobile phone but look at the danger it can cause in respect to it specific absorption rate (SAR) of the type of phone. 1.4  Aim and Objectives The aim of the study is to know the effect of radiofrequency of GSM to brain Objectives: To know whether GSM have any effect on the brain To determine the danger GSM can expose our brain to To suggest a possible protection GSM usage To consider the specific absorption rate (SAR) that is permissible by the brain 1.5  Research questions How does brain work? How does the GSM affect the brain? What frequency will make GSM to affect the brain? Under what condition will GSM affect the brain? What can be use to prevent the effect of GSM on brain? What are the effects the GSM have on the brain? What is effect of radio frequency radiation of GSM mobile phone on blood brain barrier? How do the SAR values of phones affect the temperature distribution in the brain?

International New Ventures Essay -- International Business

Introduction The article ‘A Theory of International New Ventures: A Decade of Research’ by Zahra (2005) is based on findings based on research sparked by the work of Oviatt and McDougall (1994) ‘Toward a Theory of International New Ventures’. In this article, Zahra (2005) builds on the authors’ research framework, highlighting aspects which expand on the original article and pointing out those which require re-examination in the light of accumulating empirical findings. The term ‘international entrepreneurship’ as developed by Oviatt and McDougall (1994) brings international business theory into an integrated model of International New Ventures (INVs) with an approach based on unique resources and network relationships facilitated by information and communication technology. Defined as a business organization formed for the purpose of deriving significant competitive advantage from the use of resources and sale of outputs in multiple countries, INVs p lay an integral role in today’s global economy as recent global conditions have made the INV form of organization competitive (Oviatt and McDougall, 1994). Literature Review The emergence of INVs is one of the defining features of modern global capitalism (Oviatt and McDougall, 1994). These INVs benefit from the globalized economy in various ways extending their technological learning by tapping into various sources of innovation and competitive advantages as found in the results of a study by Zahra, Ireland and Hitt (2000). Oviatt and McDougall (1994) identified four types of INVs using two dimensions: coordination of value chain activities and the number of countries involved namely- export/import start-ups, multinational trader, geographical focused start ups and global start-up... ....D. and Hitt, M.A (2000) ‘International Expansion by New Venture Firms: International Diversity, Mode of Market Entry, Technological Learning and Performance’, Academy of Management Journal, 43 (5) pp. 925-950. Business Source Premier (Online). Available at http://ehis.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.liv.ac.uk/ehost/ (Accessed: 8 April 2012). Zahra, S. & George, G. (2002) ‘International Entrepreneurship: The Current Status of the Field and Future Research Agenda’. In M. Hitt, D. Ireland, D. Sexton & M. Camp (Eds.). Strategic Entrepreneurship: Creating an Integrated Mindset. Oxford: Blackwell, 255-288. Zahra, S.A. (2005) ‘A Theory of International New Ventures: A Decade of Research’, Journal of International Business Studies, 36 (1) pp. 20–28. Business Source Premier (Online) Available at www.jstor.org.libproxy1.liv.ac.uk/stable/pdfplus/3875288.pdf (Accessed: 10 April 2012).

Wheres Reality Going? :: Thermodynamics Humanity Essays

Where's Reality Going? In Layman's terms the first and second laws of Thermodynamics state that there is a finite amount of energy in the universe and as this energy is always reorganizing itself a certain amount always becomes less organized. Therefore, the rate of disorganization is always greater than the rate of organization. The universe is constantly becoming less and less organized. At this rate the dissipation, the disorganization of all energy is inevitable. Though these laws ensure our bodily death the eternity of our energy is also guaranteed. But this guarantee does not comfort humans who crave the organization of matter. This obsession with organization originates in an obsession with a search for meaning. Humans tell stories of the end existence, as we know it, in an attempt to find a pattern of organization to the universe. Behind every story of existence is a desire to separate the human, to find the meaning of humanity. It seems an innate quality of all forms of life to desire to maintain bodily life. For the conscious human mind this desire is translated into the desire for immortality. The only form of life that humans know is through contained energy: the physical body. So we cling to this body as if its death ensures the death of our whole being, energy included. But, as the first and second laws of thermodynamics teach, there is a certain amount of energy in the world that is always changing form, but never changing in quantity. This seems to ensure an existence after the body perishes. But still, humans dread death. This fear seems too great to be a result of a fear of the unknown. More deeply, this fear of death is a fear of disorganization: the dispersion of our selves, a lack of meaning to the self. In death, our conscious selves are not organized in a condensed, formed matter. It is near impossible to assign meaning to that which is dispersed, everywhere. Humans think of meaning as a quality that one form has over another. To humans, something is meaningful if it is not ordinary. The problem with finding meaning in death is that if an essence is completely dispersed in death then it is in everything, and cannot be set aside, cannot be out of the ordinary, cannot embody something that is more qualitative than another something. The Random House Dictionary defines meaning as, " (1) what is intended to be expressed or indicated.

Ivan the Terrible Essay -- History

Ivan the Terrible I’m doing my report on Ivan the Terrible. Ivan Vasiljevich the Terrible was born in 1530 and died in 1584. He was the son of the Grand Duke Vasili III. His mother Helena Glinsky was the daughter of a Luthuanian refugee who had found asylum in Russia. She was young, vivacious, intelligent, and beautiful. Vasili had married her after he tried to have an heir for 20 years with his first wife Salome. Vasili was in his 50’s, and Helena was 20 when Ivan was born. Ivan had another brother Yuri born 18 months later. The day of Ivans birth, August 25, 1530, was a joyful one. The Grand Duke ordered prison doors opened and chains of thousands of prisoners were removed and the prisoners freed. Nobles who had fallen into disgrace were pardoned. Hermits and holymen were invited into the walls of the Kremlin, and seated as honored and guests. "The cloud under which his son Ivan was born, and under which he would have to live his life, was a dark one."(Koslow, Jules). In 1553, Vasili died after a long ailment. Ivan, whom was only 3 years old at the time of his fathers death. With out a ruler boyars (advisors) took over, only to have wars and suffrage in Russia. For the next several years, the struggle continued with out out mercy on either side. Tyranny prevailed. Prisons filled. relief Anarchy supplanted oligarchy. The boyars behaved like wild beasts. "Russia was rent by contending factions, bathed in blood and ruled by barbarity."(Koslow, Jules). But with in the mist of the struggles Ivan grew up behind the fortress of the Kremlin walls. Ivan was 8 years old when his mother died. Throughout his child years, he never had a fathers hand to guild him, or a mothers love tender love. Him being an orphan was a blow that shaped his entire life. It was marked with violence and indelibly stamped his character, and future actions and thoughts. He lived his earliest years in a struggle for power, with murder, imprisonment, and torture being common. Boyars killed boyar & henchmen marched them off to prisons at swords point. When Ivan was only 12, followers of Prince Ivan Shuisky, made a midnight raid upon the Metropolitan’s quarters. Breaking down Ivan’s door, he looked around only to see fierce, armored soldiers with swords, coming to murder him. The soldiers left with out harming him. But Ivan could never get the fear of coming close to ... ...ediately baptized Maria. In 1581, Ivan killed his son Ivan, the heir to the throne, in a fit of rage. Ivan's son had his father's temper. One day, Ivan IV walked into the apartment of Ivan (the son) and started criticizing Ivan's seven month pregnant wife about her dress. Ivan was so enraged by her unacceptable dress, that he started to hit her. His son heard her screaming and ran in. He tried to stop his father. Ivan IV was so enraged with his son's actions that he took his taff and struck his son on the head, killing him. Because of his kicks and blows, Ivan's daughter-in-law also lost her child. In one day, Ivan killed the future Czar and Czarvich of Russia. Ivan was instantly remorseful about his actions, but nothing could be done. With the death of Ivan IV and his son, Fedor, a half-witted man who liked the Church and ringing bells, ruled the country. (The first son, Dmitry had died.) Because of this tragedy, after Ivan's death in 1584, the country entered a time of troubles. He had left Russia without a strong ruler. Because of the troubles after Ivan's death, some people actually wished that Ivan was still there to rule them. This is my report on Ivan the Terrible.

Lijjat Papad

Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat papad popularly known as â€Å"Lijjat† is woman’s organization manufacturing different products such as Papad, Khakhra, Appalam, Masala, Vadi, Gehu Atta, Bakery Products, Chapati, SASA Detergent Powder, SASA Detergent Cake (Tikia), SASA Nilam Detergent Powder, SASA Liquid Detergent. It is an organization of the women, by the women and for the women. The turning point of the institution was in 1966 when it was registered under the Bombay Public Trust act 1950 and also registered societies registration Act, 1860 and it’s recognized by Khadi & Village Industries Commission as a village industry.The objective of the institution is to provide employment to the ladies to enable them to earn decent and dignified livelihood. Any women who can render physical work in the institution without distinction of caste, creed and color and agrees to abide by the objective of the institution can become a member of the institution from the date on whi ch she starts working. Lijjat has a Central Managing Committee, which consist of 21 members out of whom they have 6 elected Office Bearers i. e. President, Vice President, 2 Secretaries and 2 Treasurers.Besides Lijjat Papad the Institution has other products like Masala, Detergent Powder, Cakes & Chapaties. At present it has 72 Branches & 27 Divisions and gives employment to about 42,000 sister members all over India with sales turnover of Rs. 650 crore which includes Rs. 30 crore from the Exports. The Institution, over the years, has paved the way for women to become self-reliant and self confident. Lijjat has provided them the right platform to improve their status in society. ? HISTORY It all began on 15th March 1959 which was a warm summer day.A majority of the women inhabitants of an old residential building in Girgaum (South Mumbai) were attending their usual domestic chores. A group of seven gathered on the terrace of the building and started rolling the bait. A handful of so cial workers were also present. The gathering was over soon after rolling of 4 packets of Papads and taking a firm decision to continue making papads. This function added a new chapter in the history. Shri Mahila griha Udyog Lijjat Papad was launched. It was a humble beginning.As the ays went by, the additions to this initial group began increasing. In those early days the path was not easy. The institution had its trials and tribulation. Faith and patience of the members were put to teat on several occasions. They had no money. Literally the Institution started from scratch, on borrowed sum of Rs. 80/- on the condition that it must earn and return Rs. 200/- within a stipulated time. The Institution has opted for the goal of self reliance and self growth from the very beginning. As a matter of principle no monetary help was to be sought from any quarter.Even voluntarily offered for donations were not to be accepted. So work started on commercial footing, as a small scale venture. Di fficulties and hurdles were there, but they were accepted by the members as test and trails of their convictions and they met them with a smile. What really helped the institution was excellent quality of papads, which has remained uniform from the very first day of its production. At no time the members have allowed it to deteriorate. The principles, upon which the institution is based, have made Lijjat Papad a successful organization

The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 35

Elena leaped backward as the phantom caught fire. She was so close that the heat of the flames burned her cheeks, and she could smel her own hair smoking. Shielding her face with her hands, she eased her way forward as silently and sneakily as she could, closer and closer to the phantom. Her legs shook, but she wil ed them stil and steady. She was consciously not letting herself look at or think about Stefan's body crumpled on the floor of the garage, in the same way she had kept herself from looking at Damon and Stefan's fight when she needed to think. Suddenly a burst of flames shot into the air, and for one dazzling second, Elena dared to hope that Damon had done it. The phantom was burning. Surely no creature of ice could withstand that. But then she realized that the phantom was not only burning. She was also laughing. â€Å"You fool,† the phantom said to Damon, in a soft and almost tender voice. â€Å"You think fire can hurt me? Jealousy can burn hotter than fire as wel as colder than ice. You of al people should know that, Damon.† She laughed her strange clinking laugh. â€Å"I can feel the jealousy, the anger that burns in you al the time, Damon, and it burns so hot I can smel the hatred and despair that live in you, and your little petty hurts and rages are meat and drink to me. You clutch them to you and pore over them like treasure. You may have succeeded in casting out a tiny piece of the multitudes of hurts that burden you, but you'l never be free of me.† Around the phantom's feet, tiny blue lines of flame ignited and spread quickly across the floor of the garage. Elena watched in horror: Were these burning traces of oil left by Mrs. Flowers's ancient car? Or was it simply the phantom's maliciousness made solid, spreading fire among them? It didn't real y matter. What mattered was that the garage was on fire, and while the phantom might be impervious to the flames, the rest of them weren't. Smoke fil ed the musty space, and Elena and her friends began to cough. She covered her nose and mouth with her hand. Streaking past Elena, Damon snarled and leaped for the phantom's throat. Even in their current dire situation, Elena couldn't help admiring Damon's speed and grace. He col ided with the phantom and knocked it to the floor, then recoiled, protecting his face with his leather-clad arm. Fire, Elena remembered with a frisson of terror. Fire is one of the few things that can kill a vampire. Her eyes watered from the smoke, but she forced them to stay open as she moved closer, circling around behind the phantom, who was back on its feet. She could hear her friends shouting, but she concentrated on the fight. The phantom was moving more awkwardly than it had been earlier, and did not immediately attack Damon. Through the flames, Elena could see that thick greenish fluid was stil trickling down its solid torso from the wound Meredith had given it. Where the liquid touched the flames, they flickered with a greenish blue tint. Damon lunged for the phantom again, and it flung him off with a shrug. Snarling, they circled each other warily. Elena skittered around behind them, trying to stay out of Damon's way, trying to see how she could help. A crackling from across the room distracted Elena for a second, and she glanced back to see fire climbing the far wal , reaching for the wooden shelves set around the room. She missed seeing what exactly happened next, but suddenly Damon was skidding across the floor on his back, an angry red burn glowing on his cheek. He was up again in a second and prowling back toward the phantom, but his eyes had a slightly wild glint to them that made Elena nervous. Even injured, the phantom was stronger than Damon, and, after his long fight with Stefan, Damon's reserves must be waning. He was growing reckless. Elena gathered her courage and moved closer to the phantom again, as close to the flames as she could stand. The phantom glanced back at her for a second and then away, focusing on the stronger threat. It sprang forward to meet Damon, its fiery arms spread wide and a savagely joyous smile on its face. And suddenly Meredith was there beside Damon. She looked solemn and pale as a young martyr, her lips tight and her eyes wary, but she moved as fast as lightning. Her stave sliced through the air almost too quickly to see, leaving another long cut across the phantom's stomach. The phantom howled, and the flames on its torso hissed as more greenish fluid gushed from the wound. But the phantom remained upright. It snarled and reached for Meredith, who danced rapidly backward, just out of range. Meredith and Damon exchanged a wordless look and moved to flank the phantom, one on either side, so that it couldn't watch both of them at once. Damon cuffed Jealousy, a short, intense blow, and pul ed back a reddish, blistering hand. Meredith swung her stave again, nearly catching the phantom on the arm but instead cleaving only a wisp of smoke. There was a crash as a burning shelf col apsed onto the floor. The smoke grew thicker. Away from the fight, Elena could hear Bonnie and Matt coughing. Elena moved closer stil , again coming toward the phantom from behind, safely out of Meredith and Damon's way. The phantom's heat was like a bonfire. Meredith and Damon were moving in tandem now, as smoothly as if they had rehearsed, dancing in and back, sometimes catching the phantom with a blow, more often passing through a curl of smoke or mist as the phantom transformed its parts from solid to airy shapes. A voice rang out. â€Å"Impera te desistere.† Mrs. Flowers leaned against the supporting arms of Matt and Alaric. But her eyes were clear and her voice was steady. Power crackled in the air around her. The phantom slowed only slightly in its fight, perhaps no more than a half second behind in its thrusts and transformations. But this was enough to make at least a little difference. More of Damon's and Meredith's blows landed, and they were able to dodge a few more of the phantom's. Was it enough, though? The phantom flinched when a punch hit home, and it bled horrible green goo where the stave cut it, but it was stil steady on its feet as Meredith and Damon hacked and choked in the smoke and stumbled away from the flames. The rose in Jealousy's chest pulsed a steady dark red. Elena exhaled in frustration and immediately began to cough again. The phantom wasn't staying in one place long enough for Elena to get a good shot at grabbing the rose-heart. Meredith sliced at it with her fighting stave, and this time the stave slid through smoke, and the phantom grabbed the stave in one hand, swinging Meredith toward Damon. Col iding, they both fel heavily to the ground, and the phantom, stil slightly hobbled by Mrs. Flowers's spel , strained toward them. â€Å"I've envied Meredith for her brains!† shouted Bonnie. Her face was smudged with smoke and tears, and she looked incredibly smal and fragile, but she was standing straight-backed and proud, yel ing at the top of her lungs. â€Å"I know I'l never be as good at school as she is, but that's okay. I cast my jealousy out!† The phantom's rose dimmed to a dark pink for a moment, and it staggered ever so slightly. It glanced at Bonnie and hissed. It was only a tiny pause in the phantom's advance, but it was enough for Damon to spring to his feet. He stepped in front of Meredith, shielding her as she clambered up. Without even looking at each other, Meredith and Damon began circling in opposite directions again. â€Å"I've been jealous that my friends have more money than I do!† Matt shouted, â€Å"but I cast the jealousy out!† â€Å"I envy the way Alaric truly believed in something unproven, and turned out to be right!† Celia yel ed. â€Å"But I cast it out!† â€Å"I've envied Elena's clothes!† Bonnie cried. â€Å"I'm too short to look good in lots of things! But I cast that out!† Damon kicked at the phantom, pul ing his smoldering leg back quickly. Meredith swung her stave. Mrs. Flowers chanted in Latin, and Alaric joined her, his low voice in counterpoint to hers, reinforcing her spel . Bonnie, Celia, and Matt kept shouting: dredging up smal jealousies and hurts that they were probably usual y hardly aware of, casting them out to pepper the phantom with tiny blows. And for the first time, the phantom looked†¦ baffled. It swung its head slowly from one to another of its opponents: Damon stalking toward it, fists raised; Meredith, her stave swinging surely as she watched the phantom with a cool and considering gaze; Alaric and Mrs. Flowers reciting strings of Latin words, hands lifted; Bonnie, Matt, and Celia shouting confessions as if they were throwing rocks at it. Jealousy's glassy eyes passed over Elena without real y seeming to notice her: Standing stil and quiet among the entire hubbub, she was not a threat. This was the best chance Elena was going to get. She nerved herself to move forward, then froze as the phantom turned toward her. Then, miraculously, Stefan was there. He grappled at the phantom's back, throwing one arm around its neck as the flames licked at him. His shirt caught fire. The phantom, briefly, was pul ed backward past Elena, its torso toward her, unprotected. Without hesitation, Elena plunged her hand into the fire. For a moment, she barely felt the flames, just a gentle, almost cool touch against her hand as the flames flickered around her. Not so bad, she had a moment to think, and then she felt the pain. It was pure and agonizing, and dark fireworks of shock went off behind her eyes. She had to fight to overcome the almost irresistible instinct to pul her hand back out of the fire. Instead, she groped at the phantom's torso, searching for the cut Meredith had made just above its rose. It was slippery and smooth, and her hand fumbled. Where is it? Where is it? Damon had thrown himself into the flames alongside Stefan, yanking at the phantom's arms and neck, keeping its torso clear for Elena, preventing the phantom from ripping free and throwing her across the room. Meredith beat at Jealousy's side with her stave. Behind her, her friends' voices rose in a babble of confessions and spel s as they did their part to keep the phantom off balance and disoriented. At last Elena's hand found the cut and she pushed inside. It was icy cold in the phantom's chest, and Elena yelped at the contrast – the cold was excruciating after the heat, and the flames stil licked at her wrist and arm. The freezing liquid inside the phantom's chest was so thick, it was like feeling through gelatin. Elena shoved and reached, and the phantom screamed with pain. It was a horrible sound and, despite al that the phantom had done to her and her friends, Elena could not help flinching in sympathy. A moment later, Elena's hand closed on the rose's stem and a thousand thorns pierced her burned flesh. Ignoring the pain, she pul ed the rose out of the freezing liquid, out of the fire, and staggered backward, away from the phantom. She didn't know what she'd expected to happen, exactly. For the phantom to melt like the Wicked Witch of the West, perhaps, leaving nothing but a puddle of vile greenish water. Instead, the phantom stared at her, its mouth open, its pointed, shining teeth on ful display. The tear in its chest had expanded, and fluid oozed rapidly, like an untended faucet. The flames burned low and green where the liquid tracked down its body and dripped to the floor. â€Å"Give it to me,† Stefan said, appearing at Elena's side. He took the rose from her hand and ripped at its petals, now fading to a lighter pink, and scattered the petals into the fire burning up the sides of the garage. The phantom watched with a stunned expression, and gradual y its blazing fire thinned to smoke, its solid form slowly vaporizing. For a moment, a smoky, malevolent image hung in the air before them, its eyes fixed sul enly upon Elena. And then it was gone.

Acceptance

An acceptance is â€Å"a manifestation of assent to the terms [of the offer] made by the offeree in the manner invited or required by the offer. † In determining if an offeree accepted an offer and created a contract, a court will look for evidence of three factors: (1) the offeree intended to enter the contract, (2) the offeree accepted on the terms proposed by the offeror, and (3) the offeree communicated his acceptance to the offeror. Common Law: Traditional â€Å"Mirror Image† Rule The traditional contract law rule is that an acceptance must be the mirror image of the offer. Attempts by offerees to change the terms of the offer or to add new terms to it are treated as counteroffers because they impliedly indicated an intent by the offeree to reject the offer instead of being bound by its terms. However, recent years have witnessed a judicial tendency to apply the mirror image rule in more liberal fashion by holding that only material (important) variances between an offer and a purported acceptance result in an implied rejection of the offer. Even under the mirror image rule, no rejection is implied if an offereee merely asks about the terms of the offer without indicating its rejection (an inquiry regarding terms), or accepts the offer’s terms while complaining about them (a grumbling acceptance). Distinguishing among a counteroffer, an inquiry regarding terms, and a grumbling acceptance is often a difficult task. The fundamental issue, however, remains the same: Did the offeree objectively indicate a resent intent to be bound by the terms of the offer? Communication of Acceptance To accept an offer for a bilateral contract, the offeree must make the promise requested by the offer. An offeror must communicate the terms of his proposal to the offeree before an offer results. This is so because communication is a necessary component of the present intent to contract required for the creation of an offer. For similar reasons, it is generally held that an offeree must communicate his intent to be bound by the offer before a contract can be created. To accept an offer for a unilateral ontract, however, the offeree must perform the requested act. The traditional contract law rule on this point assumes that the offeror will learn of the offeree’s performance and holds that no further notice from the offeree is necessary to create a contact unless the offeror specifically requests notice. Mailbox rule Under the so-called â€Å"mailbox rule,† properly addressed and dispatched acceptances can become effective when they are dispa tched, even if they are lost and never received by the offeror. The mailbox rule protects the offeree’s reasonable belief that a binding contract was created when the acceptance was dispatched. By the same token, it exposes the offeror to the risk of being bound by an acceptance that she has never received. The offeror, however, has the ability to minimize this risk by stipulating in her offer that she must actually receive the acceptance for it to be effective. Offerors who do this maximize the time they have to revoke their offers and ensure that they will never be bound by an acceptance that they have not received. As traditionally applied by the common law of contracts, the mailbox rule would make acceptances effective upon dispatch when the offeree used a manner of communication that was expressly or impliedly authorized (invite) by the offeror. Any manner of communication suggested by the offeror (e. g. , â€Å"You may respond by mail†) would be expressly authorized, resulting in an acceptance sent by the suggested means being effective on dispatch. Unless circumstances indicated to the contrary, a manner of communication used by the offeror in making the offer would be impliedly authorize (e. . , an offer sent by mail would impliedly authorize an acceptance by), as would a manner of communication common in parties’ trade or business (e. g. , a trade usage in the parties’ business that offers are made by mail and accepted by telegram would authorize an acceptance by telegraph). Conversely, an improper dispatched acceptance or one that was nonauthorized would be effective when received, assuming that the offer was still open at that time. This placed on the offeree the risk of the offer being revoked or the acceptance being lost. The mailbox rule is often applied more liberally by courts today. A modern version applied of the mailbox rule that is sanctioned by the Restatement (Second) holds that an offer that does not indicate otherwise is considered to invite acceptance by any reasonable means of communication, and a properly dispatched acceptance sent by a reasonable means of communication within a reasonable time is effective on dispatch. The Cantu case illustrates the more liberal version of the mailbox rule. Special Acceptance Problem Areas Acceptance in Unilateral Contracts A unilateral contract involves the exchange of a promise for an act. To accept an offer to enter such a contract, the offeree must perform the requested act. As you learned in the last chapter, however, courts applying modern contract rules may prevent an offeror from revoking such an offer once the offeree has begun performance. This is achieved by holding either that a bilateral contract is created by the beginning of performance or that the offeror’s power to revoke is suspended for the period of time reasonably necessary for the offeree to complete performance. Acceptance in Bilateral Contracts A bilateral contract involves the exchange of a promise for a promise. As a general rule, to accept an offer to enter such a contract, an offeree must make the promise requested by the offer. This may be done in a variety of ways. For example, Wallace sends Stevens a detailed offer for the purchase of Steven’s business. Within the time period prescribed by the offer, Steven sends Wallace a letter that says, â€Å"I accept your offer. † Stevens has expressly accepted Wallace’s offer, creating a contract on the terms of the offer. Acceptance, however, can be implied as well as expressed. Offerees who take action that objectively indicates agreement risk the formation of a contract. For example, offerees who act in a manner that is inconsistent with an offeror’s ownership of offered property are commonly held to have accepted the offeror’s terms. So, if Arnold, a farmer, leaves 10 bushels of corn with Porter, the owner of a grocery store, saying, â€Å"Look this corn over. If you want it, it’s $5 a bushel,† and Porter sells the corn, he has mpliedly accepted Arnold’s offer. But what if Porter just let the corn sit and, when Arnold returned a week later, Porter told Arnold that he did not want it? Could Porter’s failure to act ever amount to an acceptance? Silence as Acceptance Since contract law generally requires some objective indication that an offeree intends to contract, the general rule is that an offeree’s silence, without more, is not an acceptance. In ad dition, it is generally held that an offeror cannot impose on the offeree a duty to respond to the offer. So, even if Arnold made an offer to sell corn to Porter and said, â€Å"If I don’t hear from you in three days, I’ll assume you’re buying the corn,† Porter’s silence would still not amount to acceptance. On the other hand, the circumstance of a case sometimes impose a duty on the offeree to reject the offer affirmatively or be bound by its items. These are cases in which the offeree’s silence objectively indicates an intent to accept. Customary trade practice or prior dealings between the parties may indicate that silence signals acceptance. So, if Arnold and Porter had dealt with each other on numerous occasion and Porter has always promptly returned items that her did not want, Porter’s silent retention of the goods for a week would probably constitute an acceptance. Likewise, an offeree’s silence can also operate as an acceptance if the offeree has indicated that it will. For example, Porter (the offeree) tells Arnold, â€Å"If you don’t hear from me in three days, I accept. † Finally, it is generally held that offerees who accept an offeror’s performance knowing what the offeror expects in return for his performance have impliedly accepted the offeror’s terms. So, if Apex Paving Corporation offers to do the paving work on new subdivision being developed by Majestic Homes Corporation, and Majestic fails to respond to Apex’s offer but allows Apex to do the work, most courts would hold that Majestic is bound by the terms of Apex’s offer. Acceptance When a Writing Is Anticipated Frequently, the parties to a contract intend to prepare a written draft of their agreement for both parties to sign. This is a good idea not only because the law requires written evidence of some contracts, but also ecause it provides written evidence of the terms of the agreement if a dispute arises at a later date. If a dispute arises before such a writing has been prepared or signed, however, a question may arise concerning whether the signing of the agreement was a necessary condition to the creation of a contract. A party to the agreement who now wants out of the deal may argue that the parties did not intend to be bound until both parties signed in writing. A clear expression of such intent by the parties during the negotiation process prevents the formation of a contract until both parties have signed. However, in the absence of such a clear expression of intent, the courts ask whether a reasonable person familiar with all the circumstances of the parties’ negotiations would conclude that the parties intended to be bound only when a formal agreement was signed. If it appears that the parties had concluded their negotiations and reached agreement on all the essential aspects of the transaction, most courts would probably find a contract at the time agreement was reached, even though no formal agreement had been signed. Acceptance of Ambiguous Offers. Although offerors have the power to specify the manner in which their offers can be accepted by requiring that the offeree make a return promise (a bilateral contract) or perform a specific act (a unilateral contract), often an offer is unclear about which form of acceptance is necessary to create a contract. In such a case, the offer may be accepted in any manner that is reasonable in light of the circumstances surrounding the offer. Thus, either a promise to perform or performance, if reasonable , creates a contract. Acceptance by Shipment. The Code specifically elaborates on the rule stated in the preceding section by stating that an order requesting prompt or current shipment of goods may be accepted either by a prompt promise to ship or by a prompt or current shipment of the goods [2-206(1)(b)]. So, if Apex Corporation orders 500 IBM personal computers from Marks Office Supply, to be shipped immediately, Marks could accept either promptly promising to ship the goods or by promptly shipping them. If Marks accepts by shipping, any subsequent attempt by Ampex to revoke the order will be ineffective. What if Marks did ot have 500 IBMs in stock and Marks knew that Ampex desperately needed the goods? Marks might be tempted to ship another brand of computers (that is, nonconforming goods – goods different from what the buyer ordered), hoping that Ampex would be forced by its circumstances to accept them because by the time they arrived it would be too late to get the correct goods elsewhere. M arks would argue that by shipping the wrong goods it had made a counteroffer because it had not performed the act requested by Ampex’s order. If Ampex accepts the goods, Marks could argue that Ampex has impliedly accepted the counteroffer. If Ampex rejects the goods, Marks would arguably have no liability since it did not accept the order. The Code prevents such a result by providing that prompt shipment of either conforming goods (what the order asked for) or nonconforming goods (something else) operates as an acceptance of the order [2-206(1)(b)]. This protects buyers such as Ampex because, sellers who ship the wrong goods have simultaneously accepted their offers and breached the contract by sending the wrong merchandise. But what if Marks is an honest seller merely trying to help out a customer that has placed a rush order? Must Marks expose itself to liability for breach of contract in the process? The Code prevents such a result by providing that no contract is created if the seller notifies the buyer within a reasonable time that the shipment of nonconforming goods is intended as an accommodation (an attempt to help the buyer) [2-206(1)(b)]. In this case, the shipment is merely a counteroffer that the buyer is free to accept or reject and the seller’s notification gives the buyer the opportunity t seek the goods he needs elsewhere. Who Can Accept an Offer? As the masters of their offers, offerees have the right to determine who can bind them in a contract. So, the only person with the legal power to accept an offer and create a contract is the original offeree. An attempt to accept by anyone other than the offeree is treated as an offer, because the party attempting to accept is indicating a present intent to contract on the original offer’s terms. For example, Price offers to sell his car to Waterhouse for $5,000. Anderson learns of the offer, calls Price, and attempts to accept. Anderson has made an offer that Price is free to accept or reject

Jesus Messiah or Universal Savior

Matthews and Like are the most similar of all of the canonical gospels, they offer different messages and send differing accounts of the figure of Jesus. Matthew calls Jesus the Jewish Messiah, while Luke does the opposite. Luke calls Jesus the universal savior, and by doing so each writer sets up their gospel to try and explain who they think Christ Is by using their writing and knowledge to their advantage. Matthew depicts Jesus to be the king of the Jews by using words such as kingdom and fulfilled.He tries to present evidence as to why Jesus is the promised Jewish messiah. Both gospels contain a genealogy of Christ and in each of them the writer agrees that Jesus is a descendant of Abraham and David. This relationship between Jesus, Abraham and David is essential to Matthews gospel. He uses these key Jewish figures to prove that their prophecy has been fulfilled. Luke on the other hand agrees that Jesus Is related to both Abraham and David, however, he argues that Jesus is the un iversal savior and the son of man rather than Just the Jewish messiah and he roves this by tracing Jesus' lineage back to Adam the Orlando Son of God.The mall point that each writer raises Is that Christ Is of Importance . I believe that Matthew sets up his gospel so it cannot be proven wrong. One interesting thing that he does is he compares Jesus to Moses in the â€Å"Sermon on the Mount† And in that very moment Jesus is like a king to his subjects. † When Jesus saw the crowds, he went up the mountain; and after he sat down, his disciples came to him† (Matthew 5:1 MRS.). In many ways this imagine is Just like that of Moses when he came down from Mat. Sinai.Jesus starts interpreting the original Ten Commandments, the old law, and offers new law; which is recalling the revelation to Moses. If Jesus is like Moses, and Moses is a messianic figure then Jesus must also be a messianic figure himself. It is also suggested that Jesus teaches much Like that of a rabbi acc ording to Duet. 9:9. Jesus Is set up to be above everyone else, and this Is what Luke has an Issue with. If Jesus were the Messiah, why would he stop with Just Jews? Luke believes the complete opposite of Matthew.Jesus is not the Jewish Messiah because he is the son f man; his is the universal savior. A sharp contrast to the â€Å"Sermon on the Mount† is the â€Å"Sermon on the Plain†. This idea puts Jesus on the same playing field as all other people. † He came down with them and stood on a level place, with a great crowd of people from Judea, Jerusalem, and the coasts of Tree and Sided† (Luke 6:17) Instead of being above of all non-gentiles on a mountain he stands with them, suffers with them; he is equal.In Lake's words God's love goes beyond Jews and Judea. God's love goes beyond Judea because Christ is the universal savior. So why does this matter? It matters because It is possible that Matthew and Luke may be using the same document for their gospels. â€Å"It Is assumed in this article that the verbal resemblances between Matthews â€Å"Sermon on the Mount† and Lake's â€Å"Sermon on the Level Place† are so striking as to make It certain that the two evangelists are here working over the same documentary source. † (Peg. 88 In the this is the case then it is plausible that no only did Luke expand off of Matthews gospel but he may have used the same â€Å"documentary source † to preach a similar message. Patton goes on to talk about the similarities and differences in both Matthew and Luke like I have except he looks directly at the differing ways that Christ talks to his followers such as † The injunction of Jesus according to Matthew, † Be Ye there Perfect,† Luke seems to have softened into the injunction, † Be ye therefore merciful,† as being more within the bounds of attainment. (Peg 288, Deviations) If this is the case then Matthew and Luke are both trying to make sen se out of the same or argumentatively the same document. Matthew and Luke have differing motives as to why they focus on certain elements in their gospels such as their takes on Jesus' sermons and his genealogy. Where ever Matthew emphasizes Jesus' â€Å"Swinishness† , Luke De-emphasizes it by tracing Christ back to Adam the original son of God and by including both Abraham and David it ties both of these figures to Lake's belief because most of Christians were Jewish at this time.So instead of associating his reader ship wants to bring Jesus to the â€Å"world†. Matthew uses language in his gospel to describe Christ as king of the Jews. Luke twists Matthews word in his own gospel to prove that Christ is instead the universal savior. I find it interesting that Matthew argues that Chris is solely the Jewish messiah and how the prophecy was fulfilled. On the other hand, Lake's gospel to sounds like the very first beginnings of the idea of Christianity.It is as if Luke wa s saying that is Just so much more to this figure of Christ that he is more than what we thought. In essence, the concrete differences in both Matthew and Luke are only minute compared to the possibility of their source being the same, the synoptic problem loud lead us to conclude that if they both hold a different view of the sermons of Christ. Then who was he really? Is Christ the Jewish Messiah or is he the universal savior?Luke makes Christ both divine and human while Matthew makes Christ the King of the Jews; I think that is necessary to know how they were as people or Disciples of Christ before we even compare these two gospels. Their geographic locations will allow us to the see their differing religious views more easily. Even though they have very different motives, they both agree that Christ is a savior, and although they will always promote different things the messages that they send will always resound as similar tidings.Both gospels tell us to be a decent human being and to hold your self to a standard higher than animals. Through Patron's article † In the Deviances of Matthew and Luke† we can see that not much differs and not much changes the message of the lord will remain the same through out time regardless of what religion one claims he is the savior of. Bibliography: 1 . The Deviations of Matthew and Luke in the â€Å"Sermon on the Mount†, by Carl S. Patton The Biblical World 1916 The University of Chicago Press.

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Darfur after the war - Essay Example The three sides were Cameroon, Port Sudan, and Libya. The humanitarian food supplies needed to be transported in all-terrain vehicles over large land areas upon arrival in Africa. The rainy season made the land routes to the camps of refugees in Sudan and Chad impassable. Even after the passage of so many years since the conflict of Darfur, it is incredible that the refugee camps are still being filled by new Darfurians. â€Å"A decade since the beginning of the Darfur conflict the region’s people are still suffering. Millions have been forced from their homes and 2.7 million people still rely on food aid for survival† (Featherstone cited in Gov.uk, 2013). Physical and sexual assaults on the residents of these camps are reported almost daily. The already meager livelihood of these people is worsened by the lack of security. As a result of these challenges, the effort of helping these refugees is amongst the largest operations of humanitarian relief in the contemporary age. Numerous countries around the world in general and especially the US have heavily donated humanitarian aid to the refugees of Darfur. These operations include but are not limited to providing the refugees with food, clean water, shelter, nutrition, education, healthcare, activities that generate income, and protection from diseases. Besides, the UK is also playing an important role in alleviating the sufferings and pains of the refugees of Darfur by providing them with food, shelter, and healthcare facilities. The UK is also providing its judges and policemen with training to help them make the fragile communities stable. The environment of Darfur is dangerous and very volatile and poses numerous challenges to both the refugees and the external donors of aid. According to the UN, the death toll as a result of the Darfur genocide is over 300,000 whereas this number is estimated to be at least 400,000 by the former UN undersecretary-general

PKG Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PKG - Assignment Example It is now apparent that the meaning of ethics is rather difficult to discern and quite many people may not know the meaning of the word. Many literatures define ethics as the set of rational standards of right and wrong, pertaining to what people ought to do, their rights, obligations, benefits, fairness, and virtues (Blackburn, 2001). For an illustration, ethics place reasonable obligations on people not to murder, assault, slander, fraud, rape, or steal. Additionally, ethics deal with honesty, compassion, loyalty, and rights to life, privacy, and the right to freedom for good health and life and right to freedom from injury among others (Blackburn, 2001). In this century, ethics could also refer to the study and development of ethical standards for the contemporary and future society. As the world changes, earlier established social norms, peoples’ feelings, and laws could deviate from what was considered ethical, making it necessary that ethical standards are constantly examined to ensure they are not only reasonable but also well-founded. Thus, in the 21st century, ethics entails the endless efforts at studying and exploring peoples’ moral norms, beliefs and conduct so that the concerned institutions help in shaping the solidly based and reasonable ethical standards to live by (Blackburn, 2001). This paper thus undertakes an in-depth analysis of the 21st century’s ethical status, more so with regards to the moral choices that people make in ethically challenging situations. The ethical or moral rules and standards governing peoples’ existence and actions in the contemporary world have changed greatly in the 21st century. Although barely into its second decade, the 21st century’s moral climate has been marked by hitherto unknown levels of dishonesty not only in the public spheres but also in peoples’ private lives (Bailey, 2004). Examples of the aspects of life that are faced

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Research Paper Example This paper explores attitude and concentration as two main elements that constitute professionalism in the hospitality industry. Attitude is a key factor in professionalism, and auspiciously, it is controllable. It denotes a person’s opinion towards a profession, and it is from this opinion that the character of a person is confessed. Every activity a person executes in the course of his hospitality career is a reflection of his or her attitude, such as the manner in which one relates with guests, coworkers, and customers. Being in control of one’s attitude is beneficial since one can develop a healthy attitude and sincere respect for the people one serves or works with, rather than seeing them as a necessary evil. A positive attitude will make the customers to respond positively, as well. In addition, the concentration of a person on a given task is a sure way of exhibiting professionalism. Concentration refers to being adept on what to do and at what time. Intrinsically, effective concentration involves the garnering of knowledge on what it takes to get a given task done. As Longstreet maintains, â€Å"There is no question that concentration takes practice† (Longstreet, 2013, P. 43). Practice is required to ensure that the actions and the decision making of a person are in harmony with each other. Naturally, the mind has the ability of carrying out several tasks simultaneously and hence causing a person’s concentration to disperse. However, through practice, a professional gets to learn on how to control his or her attention, which leads to effective self-control, a requisite skill in professionalism. In conclusion, each person working in the hospitality industry should be committed to being a professional and hence instancing growth in the industry. Through effective management of the controllable intangibles, such as attitude and