Calligraphy Box with Design of Autumn Flowers and Grasses under the Essay

Calligraphy Box with Design of Autumn Flowers and Grasses under the Sun and the Moon by Igarashi Doho from 17th century Japan - Essay Example Such artwork was unique to the dominant class of the Japanese society, although there was a difference in popularity of different art types. Art from the Edo era, as the writing box by Igarashi, comprised of several themes and styles of art, which resulted in the era being categorized as the revival era of Japanese art. Doho’s calligraphy box, as a piece of art, captures three traits of the Japanese society in the periods leading to the 17th century; religion, wealth and power, and education. The calligraphy box is popular for a number of reasons. Considering the age in which the box was crafted, the level of detail and its intricacy is indicative of developed art in the Japanese culture. The detailing on the wood and incorporation of gold and metal facilitates the development of a unique art form that appears modern as well as complex. There is awe in the artisanship employed in the decorations on the box, which suggest considerable time spent on the development of the artifact. The art could only be achievable in the presence of history and a structured discipline in where artistic skill used in the art was taught. Furthermore, the degree of preservation, considering the age of the art, is one of a civilization that incorporated science into its daily norms. Religion has a huge impact in the calligraphy box, as well as the techniques used in the artisanship. The Early Heian art, which was introduced by Buddhist priest Kukai, influenced the development of Japanese art. One of the attributes that was derived from the religion was the use of gold in art. The calligraphy box appears as having a golden cover to the wood, which is characteristic of the Heian period (Brinkley 26). The E-maki (last Heian) period further imposes the impact of religion on art, as the development of picture scrolls was introduced, with emphasis on the liveliness of the colors used as well as the narration incorporated in the art. Following the

Time and Form Essay Example for Free

Time and Form Essay Introduction While the English language has past and present tenses, it does not have a future tense because there is no particle for it. To say what will happen in the future, you can use the modal auxiliary will (plus the base form of the main verb), the verb phrase be going to (plus the base form of the main verb, the present simple or the present progressive, etc†¦ But, be careful! There are times when one is preferred over the others. We can accept that there are 7 main ways of this. Take a look at the following examples: The first five of these are commonly used in both speech and writing: 1. Emma is seeing Luke tomorrow – the present progressive, also known as the present continuous. 2. Emma is going to see Luke tomorrow – BE + going to, sometimes referred to as the â€Å"(BE) going to future†. 3. Emma sees Luke tomorrow – the present simple. 4. Emma will see Luke tomorrow this modal form is sometimes, unhelpfully, called the â€Å"future simple†. 5. Emma will be seeing Luke tomorrow – this modal progressive (or continuous) form is sometimes, unhelpfully, called the â€Å"future progressive/continuous†. The last two are used in more restricted contexts: 6. Emma is to see Luke tomorrow – BE + to + infinitive. 7. Emma to see Luke tomorrow – to- infinitive. There are also some so-called ‘future perfect’ constructions, which we will consider at the end of these notes: 8. Emma will have seen Luke †¦ 9. Emma will have been seeing Luke †¦ 10. Emma is going to have seen Luke †¦ Details: 1. The present progressive (also known as the present continuous – planned action) In English, we often use the present progressive (be + verb + ing) to talk about future events which have already been planned. Time words in the sentence, such as next week, next year, tomorrow, etc. , make it clear that the action is not happening at this moment. This form usually refers to a situation that began before the moment of speaking, continues at or around, and after, the present moment, and into the future, and is of limited duration: I am writing these notes on the future. (At this moment). Lindsay is driving to work this week. (She normally goes by bus). The present progressive can refer to a future situation that has been arranged before the present time. The arrangement continues through the present until the situation occurs: Emma is seeing Luke tomorrow, (They arranged this meeting yesterday) Note that only the context or co-text (in the last example the word tomorrow) can tell us which time-period a present progressive verb form refers to. Also note that it is simply not possible to make arrangements for some future situations. It is therefore not normally possible to say It is raining tomorrow. Watch out: Verbs that describe states rather than actions are not used in the progressive form. These include words like know, believe, hear, love, seem, own and need. Study the examples below. Im playing golf with some friends on Saturday. (correct) Im needing a ride to work tomorrow. (incorrect) In the first example, the speaker is talking about an action that has been planned. The use of the words on Saturday tell us that the action is not happening right now. The use of the verb need in the second example is incorrect. Need is used to show a state or condition rather than an action. Therefore, it is wrong to use it in the progressive form. The chart below shows more words that are not used in the progressive form. Verbs Not Used in the Progressive (a) Verbs describing feelings or attitude like, prefer, appear, seem, want, look, love, hate, appreciate, dislike, need (b) Verbs showing ownership possess, belong, own, have (c) Verbs associated with the senses smell, see, hear, taste (d) Verbs concerning mental activity forget, remember, understand, know, believe, mean, recognize, think Note: Some of these words can be used in the progressive form with changes in meaning. I have been meaning to write her. (The speaker was intending to write to her. ) Im sorry. Miss Jones is seeing a client at the moment. Would you mind waiting? (Miss Jones is with a client. ) You will be hearing from my attorney! (My attorney will be contacting you. ) 2. The modal structure: BE + going to Although you may hear or read that this form indicates ‘present intention’, this is not always true. It is hard to imagine any intention in this sentence: â€Å"Look at those black clouds; it is going to rain soon. † BE + going to refers to a future situation for which there is present evidence. In the previous example, the present evidence is the black clouds. In the following example, the present evidence may simply be the speaker’s knowledge that Emma and Luke have arranged the meeting: Emma is going to see Luke tomorrow. When the present evidence is an arrangement, then there is, practically speaking, no real difference in meaning between the present progressive and BE + going to. 3. The modal will + bare infinitive The modal auxiliary verb will has a number of possible meanings. Four of the more common are: a. certainty – John left an hour ago, so he will be home by now. (The speaker is certain that John is home) b.habitual characteristic: Andrea will sit at her desk for hours without saying a word. (This is what she often does. ) c. volition (willingness): I’ll carry your bag for you. (The speaker is offering to carry the bag. ) Fred will carry your bag for you. (The speaker is offering Fred’s services. ) d. instant decision: What will I do tomorrow? I know! I’ll go to the zoo. (The speaker decides to go to the zoo at the very moment of speaking – no plans had been made for this visit. ) Context tells us whether the certainty (a) is about the present, as in the example above, or the future: Prince Charles will become King when the present Queen dies. Habitual characteristic (b) is something that is shown regularly. It was observed in the past, can be observed in the present, and will presumably be observed in the future. It is not possible to know of a future habitual characteristic, so we do not use this form for purely future reference. Volition (c), denoting an offer, can refer only to a future situation. Will is normally contracted to ‘ll. Instant decisions (d) can be made only about a future situation and, usually, only reported by the person making the decision. We therefore usually encounter this meaning only with I or we as the subject. Will is normally contracted to ‘ll. The word tomorrow in the following sentence tells us that the seeing (meeting) is in the future: Emma will see Luke tomorrow. Only context can tell us whether the speaker is certain of the occurrence of the future meeting, or reporting that Emma is willing to see Luke. Note that other modals, which have different meanings, can also can also refer to future situations, for example: Peter might come over next week. (It is possible that this will happen) You must finish the report before you go home tonight. (You are obliged to finish the report.) ) You may read in some books that shall is used instead of will when the subject is I or we. Only a small minority of native speakers use shall other than in questions, and then only for certainty and instant decision, never for volition or habitual characteristic. Shall is used commonly in questions: e) making a suggestion: Shall we go to the pub this evening? f) asking if the person addressed wants the speaker to do something: Shall I arrange the publicity? BIG NOTES: Will or Be Going To? When English speakers predict what they think will happen or become true in the future, they can use either will or be going to. Look at the example sentences below. Wed better cancel the picnic. The weather person says we will have heavy rain on the weekend. Wed better cancel the picnic. The weather person says we are going to have heavy rain on the weekend. In both cases, the speakers are making predictions about the weather on the weekend. There is no difference in meaning between the first example and the second. However, there are a number of situations when it is better to use will than be going to, and vice versa. Expressing Future Events with Will We use will + the base form of the main verb in these situations. Use â€Å"Will† Example Explanation To talk about things that we think will happen (In such cases we often use words such as â€Å"I think† or â€Å"probably†. ) James will probably study history at university. I know James is interested in history. Therefore I guess or predict that he will study history in the future. For official or formal announcements concerning future events The graduation dinner will take place on June 3rd of this year. Any type of ceremony, including a graduation ceremony, is a formal or important event. Therefore, the use of will is appropriate here. For promises or offers related to the future (In such cases, we are expressing willingness. ) You forgot your wallet. Dont worry. Ill lend you some money. The phone is ringing. Dont get up. Ill answer it. In each case, the speaker is expressing a willingness to help the listener. For decisions concerning future events that are made while talking Person A: The car is very dirty. Person B: Youre right. Ill wash it after lunch. Before this conversation, Person B was not planning to wash the car after lunch. He decided to do so because of something Person A said. In other words, he made his decision to wash the car during the conversation. When making serious promises Dont worry. I wont forget to pay you back the money. Ill take care of your house while youre out of the country. Dont worry about a thing. Ill never forgive him! In each case, the speaker is expressing a promise to do something in the future. Shall Shall was used in the past for the affirmative will. Today however, the forms I will or we will are preferred. Nevertheless, shall is still used in questions about the future that make offers and suggestions or ask for advice. What shall we do if they dont come soon? (asking for advice. ) Its hot in here. Shall I open a window? (making an offer) Shall we try to finish the project today? (making a suggestion) Using Be Going To We use be going to + the base form of the main verb in these situations. Use â€Å"Be Going To† Example Explanation For prediction — We use be going to + the base form of the main verb to make a prediction about the future based on our sense of sight, smell, taste, hearing or touch. In other words, something about the present causes us to think an action will happen very soon or immediately. Something smells good. Dinner is going to be delicious. The speaker is making a prediction about a future meal based on what his sense of smell tells him in the present. The sun is shining and theres not a single cloud in the sky. Its going to be a nice day. The speaker is making a prediction based on what (s)he sees. For a plan — We use be going to + the base form of the main verb to talk about future events which have already been planned. Last year we went to Hawaii for our vacation. This year we are going to take a cruise to Alaska. After work Im going to play squash with a friend. The speaker is talking about a planned event. For informal situations — We use be going to + the base form of the main verb when we talk about informal situations involving future actions. Mom and Dad are going to be angry when they see the mess youve made. Youd better clean it up before they get home. This is an informal situation between two siblings. 4. The present simple The present simple tense is used to talk about future events that have been scheduled. Examples would be meetings, timetables, airline schedules, etc†¦ The present simple is also used for situations that often or regularly happen. It can therefore be used for a future situation that is part of a regular series of happenings: The train for Berlin leaves at midnight tonight. It is also used for something that is seen as part of a fixed timetable: The sun rises at 07. 34 tomorrow. (We can imagine the speaker thinking of a table of sunrise and sunset times. ) Emma sees Luke tomorrow. (We can imagine the speaker mentally looking at Emma’s diary). Hurry up! I dont want to miss any of the game. It starts at 1:00. The meeting is in the boardroom. It begins at 10:00. Hell be here soon. His plane arrives at 6:45. 5. The modal will + be + -ing form Progressive forms usually refer to a situation that began before a time point continues through and after that time point, and into the future, and is of limited duration. The combination of this idea with the modal will, expressing certainty, leads to the modal will + be + -ing form referring to a situation beginning before a future time point and continuing through that time point: Sally’s plane takes off from Heathrow at 9 o’clock tomorrow, so by about midday she will be flying over Istanbul. It is also possible that the speaker is more concerned with the pure certainty of the action happening than with volitional aspect that might be implied by the use of WILL by itself: Emma will be seeing Luke tomorrow. Some writers claim, with some justification, that this use of modal will + a progressive implies, by its lack of reference to intention, volition or arrangement, a casual future. Depending on the context and co-text, the speaker may be intending a ‘casual’ futurity, or may be indicating a situation in progress at a particular time. 6. BE + to + infinitive. This form is not common in informal conversation. It refers to something that is to happen in the future as a plan or decree, normally by some authority other than the subject of the sentence, and is common in television and radio news reports Thus we are unlikely to hear the first of the following examples (unless Emma and Luke are the names of well-known singers, actors, etc) . We might well hear the second: Emma is to see Luke tomorrow. Downing Street announced this morning that the Prime Minister is to fly to Washington this evening for urgent talks about the current crisis. 7. to- infinitive This form is common only in newspaper headlines, where editors want to announce the news as briefly as possible. Once again, we are unlikely to see the first of the following examples (unless Emma and Luke are the names of well-known singers, actors, etc). We might well see the second: Emma to see Luke tomorrow. PM to fly to US. 8. will + have + past participle (third form) When we refer to a future action completed before a later future time, or a future state continuing up to that later future time, we use will + have + a past participle (third form). This is sometimes known as the ‘future perfect’: I will have lived here for just over thirteen years when I celebrate my 66th birthday next March. (At the moment of speaking, six months before ‘next March’, the speaker has lived ‘here’ for twelve and a half years. ) By the time she leaves Paris tomorrow, Emma will have seen Luke and told him the news. (When Emma leaves Paris tomorrow, the seeing and telling will be, for her, in the past. ) This form is sometimes known as the ‘future perfect’. 9. BE + going to + have + past participle (third form). It is possible, though not very common, for a speaker to suggest that there is present evidence of a future action completed before a later future time, or a future state continuing up to that later future time, using BE + going to + have + a past participle form (third form): By the time Emma leaves Paris tomorrow, She is going to have seen Luke and told him the news. Learners may see/hear this usage, but are recommended to use only 8. will + have + a past participle (third form), which has practically the same meaning, and is far more commonly used. 10. will + have + been + -ing form. When we refer to a future action begun before a later future time and continuing through that later future time, we use will + have + been + -ing form. By the end of next week, Emma will have been seeing Luke for three months. (She has now, one week before ‘the end of next week’ been seeing him for a week less than three months. ) This form is sometimes known as the ‘future perfect continuous’. Look at this example to be clearer between â€Å"will + inf†, â€Å"be going to†, and â€Å"be + V-ing† When you feel you’ve got a terrible headache, you say (right away at this moment) that: I’ll visit doctor tomorrow. When your mother asks about your problem, you say that: I am going to visit doctor tomorrow. When you make a phone call to your family doctor to fix an appointment, you say: I am visiting doctor tomorrow. Important Note. In many sentences, several of the forms can be used perfectly naturally. The final subconscious choice of form is made by speakers at the moment of speaking, and depends on the context of situation as they see it at that moment. Do not think that there is one, and only one, ‘correct’ form in any given situation.

Use Of Nature In Asian American Painting Film Studies Essay

Use Of Nature In Asian American Painting Film Studies Essay Nature played an important role in the history of Chinese and Japanese art. Many factors influenced the use of nature in these art forms. During the northern Sung Dynasty, the Emperor officially announced nature as the only subject worthy of painting (ICS 5 Class Lecture Notes). All the paintings were done in the formal hanging scroll format. Artists used dark colors as the backbone of the paintings so it would make it easier to hang them. Artists did not use the reality of the nature but created abstraction of the reality in their paintings. During this period, all the scholar painters used to live a subsidized life. They would paint for the Emperor and obtain necessities from him in return. Because of this, they did not have to look for other means of making money. Hence they could concentrate on their paintings. All the scholar artists would go out, live in the nature, and depend on it to gain ideas for their paintings. I believe that this was also a significant reason why nature and landscape were used a lot in their paintings. A good example of this is Fan Kuans painting Travelers on a Mountain Path. We can see a clear rational view of the nature in this painting. It is called the clear rational picture because as an audience if you put your self in the painting you can actually find your way through. Confucius emphasized on people to use their rational mind (Catalyst Review Slides). Rationality in painting is where you can have a clear rational landscape. Frequently, artists would not show the whole view in their painting because they wanted the audience to use their imagination in order to figure out the rest. In this painting, Kuan is using a lot of brushstrokes to show the mountains, waterfall, trees and rivers. These brushstrokes were meticulous because artist would take years to finish this kind of painting. These paintings were done on silk, so the artists were not able to erase their mistakes. Therefore they had to think a lot and make sure that th ey do it right. Nature also played a big role in the religious beliefs of the Chinese. During the southern Sung Dynasty, Chinese believed in Taoist cosmology, which expresses Yin and Yang energy in the universe. Yin is for feminine and was represented by water and Yang is for masculine and was represented by mountains and they come to gather in the painting. Artists made the paintings, which were intuitive, suggestive, and rapid. Taoism and Chinese culture had a special meaning for mountains. In Mandarin, a word that translates to Landscape means mountains and water (Catalyst Lecture Notes). This is why I believe Chinese artists used mountains and different forms of water, such as rivers, waterfalls, streams, mist, and clouds, in their paintings to show the landscape. The landscape the artist would show would be very misty. You can notice this in Ma Yuans painting Bare Willows and Distant Mountains. Even during the Yuan Dynasty, nature was being used in the paintings because the scholar painter esta blished their residency in the mountains. They were in harmony with the nature, which I believe must have influenced their paintings. Japanese painters also used nature in their art, but they had their own style. They used the multiple panels of paintings with real 24k gold in the background. Hasegauas Initial stages of the Summer Siege is an important example of this. Winter Landscape by Sesshu is also a good example of the use of landscape by the Japanese artists. The painting is used to show how Zen Buddhist monks would connect to the universe via meditation. It is completely abstract. I also believe that the artist is making a strong statement about winter and coldness in this painting. He is using very thick, black, and sharp brushstrokes to match the weather. Japanese used woodblock prints in their art. It is different from painting. They used a special method to make these prints. Japanese artists used nature even in the woodblock prints. Hokusai is showing one of the 36 different views of Mount Fuji in his woodblock print Under The Wave Off Kanagawa Point. Hokusai tries to freeze the most dramatic movement in time, which you can see in this print when you see the frozen wave. In both Chinese and Japanese cultures, the inspiration of nature is remarkably apparent. I believe that in Asian art landscape painting shows the relationship between humans and nature. Asian artists used water and mountains in their paintings to show the harmony in nature. We could see nature in all of the Asian paintings. The use of nature was also carried over by the Asian American artists. The first Asian immigrants who migrated to United States often faced poverty in their homeland but came to United States with a hope of a better life (Catalyst Notes). The majority of them came to California. The Chinese were among the first Asians to come to United States. Among the Chinese emigrants there were talented artists who had the training in the classic Eastern art techniques. They had come with the curiosity about the Western art. These artists later enrolled in the western art training centers like the California School of Fine Arts. The Japanese arrived in the United States later. The Japanese also made significant artistic contributions to Californias art. When the Asian artists arrived to the United States they had to make some adjustments. They did not have a subsidized way of living in the United States. Instead, they had to find other means of making money to support their living. Chiura Obata i s one of the Japanese artists, who came to the United States in 1903 and settled in San Francisco. He was one of the lucky ones who had found a teaching job at U C Berkeley. I would like to use Chiura Obatas experiences, after coming to the United States, to show how the use of nature was transferred from Asian artists to Asian American artists. When Obata came to America, his paintings were done on silk and it contained landscapes. He used classic Japanese brush painting and combined it with western art. He did some water colors and ink sketches. He used his Japanese art to portray Californias landscape. In his painting Monterey Coast, we can see lots of brush stroke movements were used to show the waves. You could never see the use of shadow in Asian art, but Obata learned about the shadow in the paintings at the western artists exhibition. We can see him use his new technique of shadow in his painting Monterey Coast. He was also very fond of Yosemites nature. He did lots of paint ings about Yosemite. Obata was a master of Sumi-e art. The Sumi-e art is a style of ink brush painting. Obata also did his most famous work of woodblock prints woodblock prints, which was titled World Landscape Series-America. Obata was one of the Asian American artists, who used the original Asian art with landscapes and nature and added that to the American art. World War II had a major influence on Asian artists and their views about art. All the artists turned to their personal experiences and beliefs for inspiration instead of looking at nature. They still used nature in their paintings but it served as a visual diary of peoples daily life at the relocation center. In 1940s, during the World War II, Obata and his family along with other 100,000 Japanese Americans moved to the inlands from the west coast. He was sent to the relocation camp in Tanforan at first and than to Topaz, Utah. While he was in camp he made about hundred sketches and paintings. He started an art school in Topaz, which had about 600 students. His painting Silent Moonlight at Tanforan is a good example of the artists experiences at the relocation center. In this painting he is showing the horse stables where people had to live. I think in this painting he is also using the colors to show the emotions of the people. The Moon is shown very thin and covered with cloud. He is trying to express depression among the people. He also did some drawings and paintings of landscape and sky that gave sense of isolation, determination and alienation. During the time of WWII Japanese artists used their Asian art to show their experiences, which still contained nature. Due to internment, Japanese American artists had lost their livelihood and their occupations after their release and it was portrayed in lot of the artwork. The artists were completely transformed because of their internment experience. By the end of World War II, the Western world and California had fallen a part from all artistic traditions. Modern, abstract art got added to the Western world. Many of the California Asian artists did abstract painting. By this time the artists started using urban landscape instead of a land landscape. They would take all the ordinary things and turn them in to very special compositions. They did this even in the woodblock prints. Old Car by Wah Ming Chang is a good example of this. Asian artists started using watercolors in their paintings. You can see this in the San Francisco Chinatown by Yun Gee. He is using more bright colors like Western artist in this painting. He is trying to be revolutionary by experimenting very bright and intense colors. In early 1990s there was an increase in Asian American art activity, which brought national attention to Asian American art (Fresh Talk Daring Gazes, pg.22). A group of English speaking young Asian Americans had emerged. During the 1980s and 1990s the use of nature in art became less important. The young Asian American artists started designing their art to reflect and accommodate the migratory experiences of the Asian emigrants. As Elaine Kim states in her book Fresh Talk Daring Gazes, all the problems that Asian American society faces needed to come out for discussion. One of the good examples about this is artist Pacita Abads painting called I Thought The Streets were Lined with Gold. In this painting she has stuffed lot of pictures with sequences and other things. She is trying to show how Filipinos and Asian emigrants came to the United States with high hopes, but the actual experiences at their arrival were very different. They had to take up all the low paying jobs like childc are, day labor, nursing etc. In another art Framing An American Identity by Tommie Arai, the artist is showing the small passport size pictures to show their personal identity. Arai is trying to explore the identity of those people who have a different self-identity. There are other images in the background, which represents the real identity of those people. I believe that in this picture Arai is trying to show that identity is not fixed or original essence, but it is flowing and changeable to balance all the experiences and places lived. It is very true that people had to recreate their identity once they came to the United States. Artist Sung Ho Choi is using the theme of the American flag as a target in her art called American Pie. It is about American experiences of all the Asian emigrants with Government, job markets, and the segregation of people etc. She is using the Korean newspaper articles and each article represents the horror stories of the emigrants. The US flag repres ents the freedom. All of these images together represent the goals and the American dreams that all the immigrants had. We can see how the use of nature became less important over time and vanished out of the Asian American paintings. . They geared their artworks towards showing the life experiences of the emigrants and the struggles they had to go through when they came to the United States.

Personal Narrative - My First True Love :: Personal Narratives

My First True Love Teens deal with conflict on a day-to-day basis. This holds true especially for Jared. You could say Jared was your average everyday teenager. He plays the guitar in his free time and has a great number of friends. But as for girlfriends, that’s a different story. It’s not like he isn’t an attractive guy. He has shoulder-length brown hair, dark brown eyes and a smile that was incomparable. His guitar playing skills and singing ability would make a girl go through the roof. And for one special girl, they do. Jared has attended a summer camp for the past four years. During these four years at camp there are at least ten girls who fall for him. Any other guy would see this as great, but not Jared. For three out of the four years he was at camp Jared had Brittany waiting on him at home. Brittany and Jared adored each other. But this summer would be different. Jared attends camp not looking for anyone but ends up meeting Jessi. Jessi lives in Ohio County and this is her second year at the camp. Nothing really happens between them. They just become friends and promise to keep in touch until the next summer. The phone calls are endless with e-mails and online chats even longer. They are really starting to bond. By mid-September Jared’s mom, Kendra decides it’s time for everyone from the camp to meet up again before Halloween. She plans an all weekend sleepover at their house. Friends from all over the state will come and party the whole weekend through. The weekend before the big party, Lorraine, Jared’s best friend from camp comes in and helps his mom get the house ready. During that weekend, Brittany breaks Jared’s heart. She says she still loves him but isn’t in love with him. Jared is devastated. How could this be happening to him? Talking to Jessi on the phone helps because she was going through the same thing. Although Jessi won’t be able to make it to the party the following weekend, she calls often during that time to be there for Jared.

Chemistry in Daily Life Essay

1.You feel hungry because of the satiety center in your brain falls short of particular hormones to function and then sends the signal of hunger. 2.You fall in love, get attracted and have a feeling of belonging because of certain monoamines present in your brain which get stimulated through nerve sensors. 3.If you have wondered, why is the sky blue, it is due to a phenomenon called the â€Å"Rayleigh scattering†, which depends on scattering of light through particles which are much smaller than the wavelength. Hence when light passes through gases, there is scattering and the sky appears blue. 4.Coffee keeps you awake because of the presence of a chemical called adenosine, in your brain. It binds to certain receptors and slows the nerve cell activity when sleep is signaled. 5.Anaerobic fermentation is also a great concept which is present in the chemistry of everyday life. It is present in yogurt, breads, cakes and many other baking products. It is the multiplication of certain useful bacteria which increase the size of the food and make it more filling and soft. 6.Soap is formed by molecules with a â€Å"head† which likes water (hydrophilic) and a long chain which hates it (hydrophobic). 7.Lactose is the main complex sugar found in the milk. It’s a pretty big compound formed by two smaller components: glucose and galactose. Such a big compound cannot get through the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream, so we need â€Å"something† to break it into smaller pieces. This â€Å"something† is an enzime named lactase. The more milk and milk products we consume, the more lactase we need. 8.The iodised salt is a necessary intake. It prevents a disease called goitre. 9.In the garden we use sprays to kill insects from attacking our plants. 10.Vermiwash is a liquid fertilizer. It isused as a leaf spray.

What Is Commensalism Definition and Examples

What Is Commensalism Definition and Examples SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you studying commensalism in biology class and looking for a good commensalism definition? Commensalism is one of the trickier types of symbiosis to understand, but we'll break it down for you. Read this article to discover what commensalism is, the different types of commensalism, commensalism examples in nature, and the other types of symbiosis and how they differ from commensalism. What Is Commensalism? Commensalism is a type of symbiosis. Symbiosis refers to any long-term interaction that two organisms have with each other. A hyena and lion who get into a fight then never see each other again would not qualify to be living in symbiosis because their interaction is not long term. However, a lion and hyena who regularly come into contact and compete for prey would have a symbiotic relationship because their interaction is ongoing. In commensalism, one organism benefits from the relationship and the other is neither benefited nor harmedthe effect of the relationship on it is neutral. The term was coined in 1876 by Belgian zoologist Pierre-Joseph van Beneden. The word â€Å"commensalism† comes from the Latin word commensalis which means â€Å"sharing a table.† Types of Commensalism All types of commensalism require one organism to benefit from the relationship and the other to be unaffected, but within those parameters, there are three main types of commensalism. Inquilinism In inquilinism, one organism serves as a permanent home for another organism. An example is a woodpecker drilling a cavity in a saguaro cactus to use as a nesting site. The woodpecker benefits; the cactus is unaffected. Metabiosis Metabiosis is when an organism (often deceased) creates an environment for another organism, such as bacteria growing in the remains of a dead animal. The deceased animal, because it is dead, can’t be harmed or benefited, but the bacteria get a habitat and food source. Phoresy Phoresy is when one organism uses the other for transportation. Barnacles attaching themselves to whales is an example. The barnacles get a free ride to new feeding and breeding grounds, while the whales likely don’t even notice the barnacles. Commensalism Examples in Nature Commensalism can be more difficult to prove than other types of symbiosis (see below) since it can be challenging to show that one organism truly isn’t impacted in any way from its relationship with another organism. However, below are four examples of relationships that are commonly identified as commensalism. Remember, for each of these interactions, one organism will benefit and the other will be unaffected. Example 1: Remora and Large Marine Animals Remora are small fish that have a sucker-like disk on their heads that allows them to attach to other animals. Remora will use the sucker to attach to sharks, rays, turtles, whales, or other large marine animals. The remora benefits by getting to travel to new food and breeding areas without expending energy for travel and while being protected by the larger animal. The remora also benefits in another, somewhat grosser, way: its diet is made primarily of its host’s feces, so it has ample access to food while hitching a ride. Its carrier is unaffected because the sucker doesn’t harm or help it and the remora is small enough not to impede its movement or speed. Example 2: Lesser Burdock and Black Bears Many types of plants benefit from commensalism when it comes to dispersing their seeds. One particular example is the plant species Arctium minus, commonly known as lesser burdock. Burdock species have prickly heads, known as â€Å"burrs† that easily catch onto animal fur. The animal, say a black bear,brushes against the plant and carries the burr on its fur until sometime later when the burr falls off. The seeds within the burr can then germinate in an area far from the parent plant, where there is likely less competition for resources. The burdock benefits from the seed dispersal, and the black bear neither benefits nor is harmed from the burr clinging to its fur for a short period of time. (Note that, for some animals, especially smaller ones, their relationship with burdock wouldn’t be categorized as commensalism because the burrs can harm them. There are some instances of birds becoming entangled in burrs and dying, which definitely isn’t a neutral impact.) Example 3: Poison Dart Frogs and Leafy Plants Poison dart frogs are a group of frogs in the family Dendrobatidae. They inhabit tropical habitats in Central and South America. Poison dart frogs will often move to the undersides of large plant leaves or under the leaves themselves as protection from the elements or from predators. The frogs benefit by having a place of protection, while the plant is unaffected by the frogs using them as a temporary place to hide. Example 4: Aspergillus and Humans Aspergillus is a genus of fungi. It’s capable of living in extreme environments, one of which includes the upper gastrointestinal tract of humans. For most people, Aspergillus produces no symptoms whatsoever, but the fungus benefits from the living environment and nutrients its host human provides. However, like many other commensalism examples, this relationship isn’t always commensalism in every case. In some humans who are immunocompromised, a fungal infection occurs where Aspergillus grows out of control, which causes a negative impact on the person suffering from the infection. Other Types of Symbiosis Because there are so many different types of organisms, it makes sense that there are many ways they can interact with each other. There are multiple types of symbiosis. The three most commonly studied are commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism, but we’ve included some additional examples as well to give you a fuller idea of the many ways symbiosis exists in nature. Next to the name of each type of symbiosis are symbols indicating whether the organisms benefit, are harmed, or aren’t affected by the relationship. The symbol for commensalism is (+/0) which means one organism benefits and the other isn’t affected. Mutualism (+/+) In mutualism, both organisms benefit from the relationship. An example is monkeys and fruit-producing trees. The monkeys benefit by eating the fruit, and the trees benefit from the monkeys carrying the seeds away as a method of seed dispersal. Parasitism (+/-) Parasitism is when one organism (the parasite) lives on another organism (the host). The parasite benefits from the relationship, and the host is harmed by it. The host typically isn’t killed, although this can happen if a host is invaded by many parasites or if the parasitism goes on for a long time. An example of parasitism is head lice that live on human scalps. Lice feed on the blood of their hosts, but humans who have them suffer symptoms such as scalp soreness, itching, and irritation. Amensalism (-/0) Amensalism is a relationship where one organism is unaffected and the other is harmed (or sometimes killed). Black walnut trees naturally contain a substance called juglone which kills or stunts many of the plants living near its roots. The black walnut trees aren’t impacted by the juglone, but plant species near them can be seriously harmed by it. Competition (-/-) Competition is when two organisms both want the same limited resource. Because they have to compete for the resource (often food, water, or territory), both organisms are negatively impacted. Cheetahs and lions both attempting to hunt the same small herd of zebras is an example of competition. If there aren’t enough zebras for both animals to eat, they will both get less food than what they want and may suffer from hunger/starvation as a result. Predation (+/-) In this relationship, one organism kills and eats the other. Examples include a jaguar killing and eating a tapir as well as horses eating grass. Unlike parasitism, where the host remains alive while the parasite lives off it, predation results in the death of one of the organisms. Summary: Commensalism Definition Biology Need to define commensalism? The simplest commensalism definition is that it’s a type of symbiosis where one organism benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed. The three main types of commensalism are inquilinism, metabiosis, and phoresy. Although it can be difficult to prove an organism truly isn’t impacted by its relationship with another organism, there are numerous commensalism examples in nature. The commensalism relationship is just one type of symbiosis; other types include mutualism, parasitism, predation, amensalism, and competition. What's Next? Are you studying clouds in your science class? Get help identifying the different types of clouds with our expert guide. Trillion is a massive number, but what comes after it?Learn about huge numbers like a trillion, googol, and more in our guide tothe names of big numbers. Writing a research paper for school but not sure what to write about?Our guide to research paper topics has over 100 topics in ten categories so you can be sure to find the perfect topic for you.

The Islam Faiths Views on Life Support and Euthanasia

The Islam Faith's Views on Life Support and Euthanasia Islam teaches that the control of life and death is in Allahs hands, and cannot be manipulated by human beings. Life itself is sacred, and it is therefore forbidden to end life deliberately, either through homicide or suicide. To do so would be to reject  faith in Allahs divine decree. Allah determines  how long each person will live. The Quran says: Nor kill (or destroy) yourselves: for verily Allah hath been to you Most Merciful! (Quran 4:29) ...if any one slew a person - unless it be for murder or for spreading mischief in the land - it would be as if he slew the whole people: and if any one saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life of the whole people. (Quran 5:23) ...take not life, which Allah has  made sacred, except by way of justice and law. Thus He does command you, that you  may learn wisdom. (Quran  6:151) Medical Intervention Muslims do believe in medical treatment. In fact, many scholars consider it  mandatory in Islam to seek medical help for illness, according to two sayings of the Prophet Muhammad: Seek treatment, believers of Allah, for Allah has made a cure to every illness.   and Your body has a right over  you. Muslims are encouraged to search the natural world for remedies  and use scientific knowledge to develop new medicines.  However, when a patient has reached the terminal stage (when  treatment holds no promise of a cure) it is not required to sustain excessive life-saving remedies.   Life Support When it is clear that there is no treatment left available to cure a terminal  patient, Islam advises only the continuation of basic  care such as food and drink.  It is not considered homicide to withdraw other  treatments in order to allow the patient to die naturally. If a patient is declared brain-dead by doctors, including situations in which there is no activity in the brain stem, the patient is considered dead and no artificial  support functions need to be provided. Ceasing such care is not considered homicide if the patient is already clinically dead. Euthanasia All Islamic scholars, in all schools of Islamic jurisprudence,  regard active euthanasia as forbidden (haram). Allah determines the timing of death, and we should not seek or attempt to hasten it. Euthanasia is meant to relieve the  pain and suffering of a terminally-ill patient. But as Muslims, we are never to fall into despair about Allahs mercy and wisdom.  The Prophet Muhammad once told this story: Among the nations before you there was a man who got wounded, and growing impatient (with pain), he took a knife and cut his hand with it. The blood did not stop until he died. Allah (Exalted be He) said, My slave hastened to bring about his demise; I have forbidden Paradise to him (Bukhari and Muslim). Patience When a person is suffering from unbearable  pain, a Muslim is advised to remember that Allah tests us with pain and suffering in this life, and we must patiently persevere. The Prophet Muhammad advised us to make this dua  on such occasions: Oh Allah, make me live as long as life is better for me, and make me die if death is better for me (Bukhari and Muslim). Wishing for death simply to alleviate suffering is against the teachings of Islam, as it challenges Allahs wisdom and we must be patient with what Allah has written for us. The Quran says: ...bear with patient constancy whatever befalls you (Quran 31:17). ...those who patiently persevere will truly receive a reward without measure! (Quran  39:10). That said, Muslims are advised to comfort those who are suffering and  make use of palliative care.

Environmental Science Designing Cities for People by Lester Brown

Environmental Science Designing Cities for People by Lester Brown The Plan B given by Lester Brown reaches its climax in chapter six of the text entitled â€Å"Designing Cities for People’. In this chapter, Brown talks about the different alternatives that cities have adopted to make the environment safe and conducive for human existence. Most city designs done earlier on had adopted plans, which aimed at ensuring mobility by designing them to accommodate as many cars as possible. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental Science: â€Å"Designing Cities for People† by Lester Brown specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These designs however come to fail considering the doubling fact of the ownership of cars each passing day as the population increases and the designs remaining as they are. The presence of the cars therefore contributes towards immobility rather than enhancing the expected mobility. The chapter â€Å"Designing Cities for People† explores the dif ferent alternatives employed by major city administrators to ensure that the decongestion of cities as well as the curbing of pollution and ultimately giving the health of the city residents a priority. The most innovative alternative as far as I am concerned is the use of bicycles as a means of enhancing mobility. Bicycles have helped decongest several cities considering that a number of bicycles can use a path or the space that only one vehicle can use. Another outstanding benefit of considering the bicycle as the most viable option in the quest for decongesting cities and making them conducive for human existence is that bicycles do not emit gases that can cause respiratory problems to people. To curb the obesity pandemic and the early onset of diabetes in countries such as the US, the people need to consider the biking option with seriousness since it provides a good way of exercising. The problem of settlements is another challenge that cities are facing more so those in deve loping countries. Considering that most people are leaving the rural areas in search of opportunities of good life in urban centers, the problem of rural-urban migration has greatly caught most city designers off guard. Most of the people who come to the cities do so based on economic constraints that force them to squat in risky areas such as riverbanks and steep slopes, a thing that makes it impossible for city planners to provide them with basic social amenities. The most viable solution to this problem that authorities in developing countries should adopt is a system whereby they encourage people to live in the rural areas by making their lives comfortable while there. Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through making social amenities cheap and easy to access for the people as well as employment opportunities, the rates that people will move with to urban cent ers will definitely be low making it easy to deal with the problem of emerging shanties and slums. By adopting control measures such as those adopted by Enrique Peà ±alosa, the mayor of the city of Bogota, many problems that threaten the lives of innocent people in cities through pollution as well as the inconveniences caused by traffic jams can be completely dealt with. One important thing that this mayor stands out for is his insistence on the importance of parks in cities. As he says, these amenities â€Å"are important for the physical and emotional health of a city†. Many city planners are however failing to understand the magnitude of this statement in that many of them are changing the city parks into parking lots, interpreted as killing the cities emotionally as these places are important for they make the people who come to them and enjoy the tranquility feel equal as put forth by Peà ±alosa.

Christian muslim relation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Christian muslim relation - Essay Example My prayers have really improved after I gained an understanding of the Surah that declares Tawheed, Du’a, and the practical aspect of the Muslim conduct. The entire Surah stresses the importance of making supplication for all. When I read the Surah I learn that Allah has anger towards those that reject the truth since they go astray due to their ignorance. I believe the knowledge of the tafsir will enable one to know the consequences for sins while Muslim faithful can ask to guide them to a straight path. The words You alone we worship and from you alone we seek help give me comfort during salah and the rest of the day since Allah helps me out in my difficult situations. I have learned that Allah has chosen this Surah as the second pillar of Islam since it opens some of the greatest miracles. The Surah summarizes the purpose of life as I worship Allah since he is always merciful. May Allah always keep my feet on Siraat al-Mustaqeem, Inshallah. Ayah 76 of the Surah state that, â€Å"And when Jews met the Muslims they assert, we believe†, but they met in privacy they cite, â€Å"Shall we tell the Muslims what Allah has revealed to us Jews concerning the characteristics and the description of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him), Muslims argue concerning the writing of the Torah before the Lord. Have the Jews got no understanding? This ayah Allah informs us concerning the children of Israel, the nation where Jews and Christians originated. Allah charged this nation with the duty of carrying his message to humanity. Allah did this and showed the nation many signs and miracles to convince them that he is a rational person while they became unreceptive to the truth and hardened their hearts. The nation failed to accept the message from Allah since the Message was the Truth and they did not submit to it. The nation had immense love of the worldly pleasures and love of themselves as they rejected the Message since they ha rdened their hearts.

What were the most important successes and failures in Catherine the Essay

What were the most important successes and failures in Catherine the Greats foreign policy - Essay Example Catherine II was one of these heroes. Born in 1729, she faced various challenges, which propelled to her, to pursue various aspirations. She got acknowledgment from her father due to her bright abilities such, as reading and being able to remember the ideas taught. As a qualification, she received formal education after, which she got married to the Grand Duke Peter of Holstein, an heir of Russian throne. This is because during the time women faced negativity to gain education with only few allowed. Catherine was successful in her foreign policies particularly the friendly relations with Prussia. (Madareaga 1998, pp. 44). It is in this regards that the paper attempts to analyze various achievements and failures Catherine demonstrated and experienced in the process of applying her foreign policy. Catherine the great reigned from 1762 to 1996 and during the period, her foreign policies made various changes to both Russia and other countries. Her reputation, which did not only make her earn the name, â€Å"enlightened despot† also made get the name of the, â€Å"great†.... This becomes one of Catherine’s most achievements in the application of foreign trade policies. Consequently, she was able to conduct two Turkish wars with the help of able diplomats and generals (Donnels 1997, pp. 79). This was a considerable considering her feminine nature as well as the economic depression the country faced by the time. Another foreign policy employed by Catherine was in Poland in conjunction with Austria and Prusia. During the time, of her ruling Poland lay midst of the three powers. The country suffered from many problems in the 18thcentury mainly connected to poor leadership. This is because they had an elected king rather than a hereditary king, which caused fractious nobility of the population. In addition, the country developed multinational and multi-confessional masses dividing the population into various groups that one could conquer easily. Settling on the weaknesses, Catherine employed her foreign policy teaming up with other stakeholders to cont rol a third of Poland’s population. She got this extraordinary achievement during the time by conquering Poland. Despite a constitution, arising which protected Poland as a state she did not relent dividing Poland out of existence in 1793 and 1791 (Madareaga 1998, pp. 24). When the Turks declared war on Russia, 25 September/6 October 1768, the Russian envoy refused to remove Russian troops from Poland and got locked in the Castle of the Seven Towers. Thus, Catherine’s policy in Poland led to a civil war that irritated was with Ottoman Turkey. Though Catherina articulated her surprise at the Turkish pronouncement of war, she was eager for soldierly glory against what she painstaking a feeble rival. In July

Global Branding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Global Branding - Essay Example The motivation as to find the main aspects that would increase productivity by understanding how people think and behave based on cultural attributes. This study opened up the need to look for diversity training methods that would improve the way people understood the society. Ideally, the growth of any organization was pegged on an ability to understand the main intrigues that lead to brand loyalty as many argue within the international business platform. Brands will only sell an organization if employees are aware of what the brand means to them and the effects it has on their performance. This essay seeks to answer pertinent questions regarding the link between brand and culture. The main hypothesis is that culture is a huge determinant of how branding will take place, with the building blocks and elements of the brand picking their strength from the key attributes of the inherent culture. If the culture is ignored, branding will not achieve anything in the new market. This will be first handled by briefly looking at the main aspects of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, the elements that make brands appealing to clients, and the link between the two. Brand management only happens when managements involve employees in the creation of a motivating and sustainable culture. When one hears of the term culture, one of the main definitions that come to mind has to do with the beliefs, customs, art, morals and knowledge that is acquired by a group of people working or living in similar premises. This also extends to the workplace where people share the company’s values, norms, brands, mission statements, objectives, morals, and aims as they work towards meeting the main goals within that organization (Hofstede 2010: 29). Ideally, the growing need for a stable company leads to the growth of a culture that can meet the main demands of the society while working towards the behavioral restructuring of the different people within the

Post-Racial Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Post-Racial Society - Essay Example The essay "Post-racial society" discusses the lack of employment for Black American that has become a problem from quite some time especially in labor where racial discrimination is still deep rooted. According to labor department report, the unemployment of blacks increased 10 16.7% the highest since 1984(Censky, 2011). What steps are taken in the past to prevent this issue? Are they really sought about? The question still hangs in the air without answered. The highest rate of incarceration of a black man estimated by U.S Bureau of justice in 2011 was 82,595 which make it 37.9%of all the prisoners. The stats have high rocketed and are even more than the enslaved black man in the year 1850 before the civil war (www.bop.gov/news/quick.jsp). The false image media portrayed played a vital role in depicting the wrong image of Blacks. They are shown as thugs, players, muggers in streets, involved in drugs and having sex with anyone they happen to know. Is this the way we want our future generation to perceive African American around them? In the US today, 13% of the population represent black and over 1 million of the population suffer from HIV in which half of the victims are black. The estimation black sufferers for life are; out of 16 black male 1 is infected with HIV and out of 30 females, 1 is infected. Currently 60% women diagnosed with HIV are black( www.avert.org/hiv-african-americans.htm ).

The Origin of the Concept of Logistics Research Paper

The Origin of the Concept of Logistics - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that the origin of the concept, Logistics, was noticed before the birth of Christ and was employed by the Greek generals (Leon, the Wise and Alexander, the Great) to procure food, ammunition, and clothing for their army. It has been noticed that for years, the concept of logistics had been an issue of war affairs. History has recorded which shows that what people wanted were not available or produced in the place of its consumption. These goods were not accessible even when they had the urge to consume them. The food and the commodities were dispersed widely and were also available in abundance, during certain times of the year. Earlier, people had the tendency to consume their choice of food or commodity at the location or after moving the goods to a preferred site and hoarding them for later use. However, the absence of well-developed storage and transportation systems had brought in difficulty for them to consume these goods. As a result , the movement of the goods was limited to an individual depending on how he/she moves it. The main problem that was faced by them was the perishable nature of the goods, which forced them to gather the needful frequently. The restrictions faced by the people in storage and transportation had made them live in places closer to the source of production in order to facilitate easy consumption (Ferrell and Hartline, 2010). Thus, the concept of logistics was not prominent and proficient in those days because of its cost. The cost of logistics was quite high which therefore restricted the traders and the business to transport the goods and commodities from one place to another. It was a big problem for the mass to stay close to the source of the production since the traders or the business did not provide them with the facility of transportation of the goods to their homes. The concept of logistics would have eliminated these problems if it had been introduced and properly utilized then. The goals of the traders were to acquire higher productivity and earn good profits from their business and thus, they did not emphasize much on logistics (Dess, Lumpkin and Eisner, 2009). However today, with the passage of time, logistics have become the heart and the success of every business. It is used as the most important strategic weapon by the companies for transporting their goods from one part of the world to another so that every person has the right to use or consume it. However, it can be noticed that today, in a few areas, the production and consumption take place in the same geographic region. So that marks for an exception. There are striking examples that can be observed in different parts of the worlds like, South America, Australia, Asia, and Africa. Here, the population resides in small, self-sufficient villages and most of the goods that are used by them are acquired or produced in close proximity. Few essential goods are imported from other areas and thus, the production efficiency of the companies is low and the economic standards of living are not even noteworthy. In this type of an economy, a well-developed logistics system can bring positive changes to the exchange of goods among several countries (Dooley, et al., 2006). Logistics – Defined Logistics can be defined as the management of the flow of resources, which exists between the point of consumption and point of origin, for meeting the requirements of the corporations or the consumers. The resources that are managed in the logistics include materials, food, equipment, liquids, and staffs as well as the abstract items like, information, particles, time and energy. The logistics of the items usually take into account the integration of flow of information, production, packaging, material handling, inventory, warehousing, transportation and also, security (Clifton, 2012).  

How health care is organized Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How health care is organized - Essay Example Patients commonly visit primary care providers as compared to secondary and tertiary care providers. In case of secondary care, patients visit secondary care providers when they need specialized care services. For example: a person may visit a hospital because he/she may be experiencing cardiac attack. On the tertiary level, care is provided for disease and disorders that are very complex and need to be managed. Basically the structure of healthcare is such that primary healthcare level becomes the base of other health care levels. Those healthcare providers who operate at the primary level tend to work on issues that already exist and solutions for these issues are even available. First the patient visits the primary healthcare facility and if required the primary healthcare service providers tend to refer these patients to secondary healthcare service providers. If the patient needs emergency care or if he needs to be treated for illnesses that are difficult to tackle then only the y either directly visit the secondary or tertiary level healthcare providers or a referred to. There are two models of healthcare organization provided by Lord Dawson during 1920. One of these models is regarded as the regionalized model and this model is profoundly followed by healthcare in most of the nations. In this model health care is divided according to the level of care required (Brown, 1992, p.67). In the regionalized regimented model, first comes the primary care level which provides care which is ambulatory in nature. At this level the healthcare service providers are mostly those who are general physicians and take general issues and diseases into their practice. A very huge population of physicians in UK and other nations work as general physicians. The second level of healthcare is provided at the secondary level which mainly contains physicians who have specialized in some kind of medicine such as those who provide only surgery and those who provide psychiatric servi ces. These physicians either have their own clinics or they work as consultants for certain hospitals and work on patients who have been referred to them by general physicians or service providers of the primary level. The third level of care of the regionalized regimented model provided by the report created by Dawson is the tertiary level of healthcare and this level of healthcare consists of physicians who provide services for very complex issues and these physicians fall in the subcategories of the physicians of the secondary level. These physicians may include surgeons who provide surgery for cardiac issues and immunologists. The second model of healthcare system organization proposed by Dawson was the Dispersed Model in which a proper structure consisting of primary, secondary and tertiary levels do not flow as witnessed in the regionalized model (Bodenheimer, 2009, p.47). This kind of system is followed by the US health care system and in this kind of system referrals conduct ed by the primary level of healthcare does not exist. In this model, patients either use their insurance coverage or their own money to make referrals on their own or can refer themselves to either one of the three levels of healthcare. In the regionalized system, patients tend to first visit a primary healthcare service provider, but in the dispersed system, the patient can directly access the secondary and the tertiary leve

Post-Racial Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Post-Racial Society - Essay Example The essay "Post-racial society" discusses the lack of employment for Black American that has become a problem from quite some time especially in labor where racial discrimination is still deep rooted. According to labor department report, the unemployment of blacks increased 10 16.7% the highest since 1984(Censky, 2011). What steps are taken in the past to prevent this issue? Are they really sought about? The question still hangs in the air without answered. The highest rate of incarceration of a black man estimated by U.S Bureau of justice in 2011 was 82,595 which make it 37.9%of all the prisoners. The stats have high rocketed and are even more than the enslaved black man in the year 1850 before the civil war (www.bop.gov/news/quick.jsp). The false image media portrayed played a vital role in depicting the wrong image of Blacks. They are shown as thugs, players, muggers in streets, involved in drugs and having sex with anyone they happen to know. Is this the way we want our future generation to perceive African American around them? In the US today, 13% of the population represent black and over 1 million of the population suffer from HIV in which half of the victims are black. The estimation black sufferers for life are; out of 16 black male 1 is infected with HIV and out of 30 females, 1 is infected. Currently 60% women diagnosed with HIV are black( www.avert.org/hiv-african-americans.htm ).

How health care is organized Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How health care is organized - Essay Example Patients commonly visit primary care providers as compared to secondary and tertiary care providers. In case of secondary care, patients visit secondary care providers when they need specialized care services. For example: a person may visit a hospital because he/she may be experiencing cardiac attack. On the tertiary level, care is provided for disease and disorders that are very complex and need to be managed. Basically the structure of healthcare is such that primary healthcare level becomes the base of other health care levels. Those healthcare providers who operate at the primary level tend to work on issues that already exist and solutions for these issues are even available. First the patient visits the primary healthcare facility and if required the primary healthcare service providers tend to refer these patients to secondary healthcare service providers. If the patient needs emergency care or if he needs to be treated for illnesses that are difficult to tackle then only the y either directly visit the secondary or tertiary level healthcare providers or a referred to. There are two models of healthcare organization provided by Lord Dawson during 1920. One of these models is regarded as the regionalized model and this model is profoundly followed by healthcare in most of the nations. In this model health care is divided according to the level of care required (Brown, 1992, p.67). In the regionalized regimented model, first comes the primary care level which provides care which is ambulatory in nature. At this level the healthcare service providers are mostly those who are general physicians and take general issues and diseases into their practice. A very huge population of physicians in UK and other nations work as general physicians. The second level of healthcare is provided at the secondary level which mainly contains physicians who have specialized in some kind of medicine such as those who provide only surgery and those who provide psychiatric servi ces. These physicians either have their own clinics or they work as consultants for certain hospitals and work on patients who have been referred to them by general physicians or service providers of the primary level. The third level of care of the regionalized regimented model provided by the report created by Dawson is the tertiary level of healthcare and this level of healthcare consists of physicians who provide services for very complex issues and these physicians fall in the subcategories of the physicians of the secondary level. These physicians may include surgeons who provide surgery for cardiac issues and immunologists. The second model of healthcare system organization proposed by Dawson was the Dispersed Model in which a proper structure consisting of primary, secondary and tertiary levels do not flow as witnessed in the regionalized model (Bodenheimer, 2009, p.47). This kind of system is followed by the US health care system and in this kind of system referrals conduct ed by the primary level of healthcare does not exist. In this model, patients either use their insurance coverage or their own money to make referrals on their own or can refer themselves to either one of the three levels of healthcare. In the regionalized system, patients tend to first visit a primary healthcare service provider, but in the dispersed system, the patient can directly access the secondary and the tertiary leve

Broad Environment Essay Example for Free

Broad Environment Essay Knowing the Unknown about the Broad Environment University of Tampa MGT 431 Practical Strategic Assessment Dr. George Bud Wynn June 09, 2009 Abstract In â€Å"Foundations in Strategic Management†, pages 21 to 27, author Harrison discusses the influence that the external environment has on a particular company’s operations and how its managers can adapt to environmental uncertainties to sustain their competitive advantages. Harrison also points out why it is important for firm to analyze and evaluate its broad environment. He also mentions how managers can analyze and evaluate external forces and devise strategies to complement the rapid-changing environment in order for their company to be competitive throughout and take advantage of its strengths and minimize its threats. He further divides the broad environment into four sub-headings (socio-cultural, economical, technological and political/legal) and states why each is important and the effect each have on a company’s operations. The purpose of the paper focuses more on informing the reader of the importance of evaluating a particular company’s broad environment. The paper also includes a review of and my opinion on what I think firms and their managers should be aware of when it comes to their company’s broad environment. The Importance of the Broad Environment to Managers Before the 1990’s, if a business had a competitive advantage and opened its doors to the general public, it was almost guaranteed success. However, such cases no longer exist. In modern times, companies with competitive advantages such as sufficient resources, skilled workers, superior technologies and the like can still go under due to the ever-changing environment. Nowadays, successful businesses are shifting focus from just having a competitive advantage in one or two areas, to maximizing on the relevant information that its managers have about its operation environment; including the broad and task environment. In order to operate a successful business, it is important for managers to have a comprehensive understanding of its broad environment in which it plans to operate. The broad environment includes socio-cultural, economical, technological, and political/legal forces which have an effect on how the company plans to gain a profitable market share. Such comprehensive understanding allows managers to save valuable time and money; subsequently making their business profitable. Due to the uncertainties of the rapidly changing economy, it is almost required by top performing firms to research the broad environment; even if its plan to merge or joint venture with another firm elsewhere. In addition, such research is also highly recommended for companies that plan to do business globally; if the company wishes to create a buffer from potential losses. Also, companies that analyze the broad environment effectively are able to maximize its advantages and opportunities while limiting weaknesses and threats. In conclusion, successful firms must recognize the importance of the broad environment in order to take advantage of its strengths and opportunities while minimizing its weaknesses and threats. Well-defined researches coupled with a complete understanding of a company’s broad environment are always important because, when done properly, it can enable companies to seize potential market areas and dominate a particular geographical location. Maintaining a complete understanding of the broad environment is vital to a company’s success. Understanding the broad environment is important for many reasons. Socio-cultural forces occur randomly and without warning. Many firms experience difficulties with these forces many times during operations. Examples of socio-cultural forces range from the influence of terrorism on the economy to the legality of abortion. Proper socio-cultural assessment enables firms to minimize its threats from potential restrictive legislation. Firms which are aware of pending restrictive law changes can avoid huge fines and penalties. In addition, managers should spend ample time researching law changes in order to save their company from falling intothese traps. Managers who are aware of demographic and economic changes in society can take advantage of opportunities that their competition fails to recognize. For example, a careful study of a firm’s social environment can gather information on what products/services or lifestyles people from a particular neighborhood purchase or prefer. In conclusion, a thorough understanding of socio-cultural forces can enable managers to gain from their knowledge about its societal operations and make it work to the best interest of their business. This will enable them to take advantage of strengths while also minimizing their threats. Economic forces play a critical part in the understanding of a firm’s broad environment. Factors such as interest rates, economic growth and inflation are important variables which managers must be aware of in order to process their broad environment effectively. Without such knowledge, it would be almost impossible to run an effective and efficient business and establish a competitive advantage. Furthermore, information gained from economic forces enables managers to allocate resources while allowing time to seek other investment opportunities. For example, multinational firms can benefit from favorable exchange rates. In order words, an understanding of fluctuations in exchange rates can lead such firms to purchase raw materials in countries where their own currency is superior to that of the foreign country. On the other hand, without knowledge of inflation, companies can suffer huge losses when investing in these countries. As a result, managers must be aware of such economical changes beforehand in order to make educated decisions that can assist their company’s growth and production. Another broad environment which managers should be aware of is technology. Nowadays, technology is changing the ways individuals and firms do business. New innovations such as the internet, handheld computers, and direct satellite systems are making it much easier for firms to purchase, deliver, and sell its products/services. Firms must be aware of and adapt to new technological changes in order to stay ahead of its competition in the fight for market shares and profits. If not, these companies are bound to fail or file for bankruptcy. Most firms are pumping millions of dollars into research and development in order to find new ways of improving its product’s life cycle which will in turn, generate more revenue and satisfy customer. One of the world leaders in electronic supply, the Sony Corporation of America, has developed new ideas to save its customer time and money. As a result, Sony is one of the main leaders in its industry and continues to see profits soar in 2008. According to one official, one of its newest inventions, â€Å"Eye on Education†, â€Å"[e]ducation educators receive competitive pricing, exclusive service and support capabilities, financing options, and trade-in opportunities for Sony professional display products. † Technology awareness and continuous improvement in its research and department hasled the company to success over the years. In modern times, in order for any one company to be effective, managers must be aware of the technological forces that can assist their companies to save money, andtime; subsequently improving the business purpose and values. Finally, close attention must be geared towards political/legal forces which can change the company’s focus or purpose in one way or another. Government regulations can alter the ways in which companies wish to perform its business in terms of locally or globally. Therefore, managers must pay attention to different types of changes that their companies might undertake if there is a desire to join multiple or particular industries. Government normally provides advantages to some businesses in the form of tax incentives which promote ethical behavior and remind firms of its responsibilities. Managers who are vigilant can take advantage of these incentives. Overall, a comprehensive understanding of a company’s broad environment such as socio-cultural, economical, technological, and political/legal forces are an essential assessment that needs to be considered before a merger, joint venture, acquisition, or even to successfully run a business. On the other hand, trained personnel must carry out such researches in order to avoid huge losses and business failure. Also, integrated understanding coupled with awareness can provide managers with information on what types of products/services to offer, sell, customers, delivery, and the like to enable their business to accomplish its goals. Assessments are highly recommended for starting up and strugglingcompanies and businesses which wish to operate globally. If somehow a particular set of managers can make a reasonable assessment of its company’s broad environment, they are almost guaranteed to run an effective and efficient company.

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Analysis

I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Analysis I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings is an autobiography written by Maya Angelou. She describes about her hard life caged growing up as a black girl from the South. Maya Angelou starts the novel about her life in the age of three with her four-year-old brother Bailey. They are turned over the care of their paternal grandmother in Stamps. She describes how the two children were sent away after they parents divorce, traveling by train across the Southwestern and cling to their tag To whom It May Concern, c/o Mrs Henderson. Both kids are looking this like rejection and loss of self-worth. Im being sent away because Im no lovable. Angelou generalizes the children situations as follows: Years later I discovered that the United States had been crossed thousands of times by frightened Black children traveling alone to their newly affluent parents in Northern cities, or black to grandmothers in Southern towns when the urban North reneged on its economic promises. (Caged Bird, 4). Smith states tha t Maya opens with a primal childhood scene that brings into focus the nature of the imprisoning environment from which the self will seek escape. The black girl child is trapped within the cage of her own diminished self-image around which interlock the bars of natural and social forces. (Interpretation, 6) Her grandmothers store is the center of life in the Negro community of the town, being the pick-up and drop-off point for cotton pickers in picking season. Her grandmother Henderson is presented not only as the main role in center of her family, but as the leader of the black community in Stamps, strong and religious. McMurry argues that from Mayas eyes the customers in her grandmothers store were trapped in cotton fields, no amount of hope and work to get them out. Her uncle Willie is caged must have been tired of being crippled, as prisoners tire of penitentiary bars and the guilty tire of blame. Her grandmother rises each morning with consciousness of a caged animal (Interpretation, 27). Maya and her brother Baily were very close during their childhood and most of their adolescence. Maya in her story writes, During these years in Stamps, I met and fell in love with William Shakespeare. He was my first white love (Caged Bird, 11). Maya writes that But it was Shakespeare who said, `When in disgrace with fortune and mens eyes. It was a state with which I felt myself most familiar. I pacified myself about his whiteness by saying that after all he had been dead so long that it couldnt matter to anyone any more. She also enjoys the works of many prominent black authors, which her Momma, or grandmother, approves more of. Although young Maya likes Shakespeare, and is fine with the fact that he is white, her Momma wouldnt want to know that Maya enjoys a white mans work. Maya feels that she again is caged and cant express her thoughts and feeling about Shakespeare with grandmother. Angelou recalls how Momma used to make them bathe and wash constantly, even in cold water in wintertime. She used to insist on them being respectful and clean, which most people were, except for the powhitetrash children that came into the town. Those that came to the store were often very rude, but young Maya and her family are not allowed to say anything, because they are black. Angelou describes her Momma; she is tall, big, and strong, and leads in the hymns at church every Sunday. She is old-fashioned, though, as she teaches the children to behave as she was to behave as a child, and teaches them to act according to outdated racial codes of behavior. Carol Neubauer comments in Angelous relationship with her grandmother states that Momma becomes a sort of superwoman of enormous proportions with ten feet tall with eight-foot arms and comes to the helpless childs rescue. In this alternate vision, Angelou switches to fantasy to suggest the depth of the childs humiliation and the resi due of pain even after her two bad teeth have been pulled. Fantasy, finally, is used to demonstrate the undiminÂÂÂ ­ished strength of the character of Momma. The recession hit the community and the big difference between the white and black communities of Stamps is noted; white people have plenty of clothes and can afford to be charitable and spend too much, and still they have enough for themselves. In the black community, people can hardly afford to give anything away, so when they do, it is much appreciated. Even though Momma has land and money, even she doesnt spend money like the white people do, budgeting carefully and never wasting anything. Even Momma makes all of the clothes for herself and the children, and only buys Uncle Willie expensive, ready-made clothes and shoes. The depression hits Stamps, and leads to wages being cut and difficulty making ends meet. That also means that they cant afford to shop at the store, and Momma has to figure out how to keep the store running and still make money. She allows the townspeople to trade the relief food that they get for credit at the store, and is able to keep things going there. The entire black community of Stamps Smith argues, itself caged in the social reality of racial subordination and impotence (Modern Critics, 133) Christmas comes, and Maya and Bailey get presents from their parents, who they hadnt heard of since they were shipped off to Stamps. Maya and Baileys father comes to Stamps the next year, to see his children; neither of them were warned that he was coming, and it is hard for them to face their father in the flesh and give up the fantasies they had about their absent father. He is tall and handsome, and more proper and wealthy than the people in Stamps. Maya is happy that he is there, but then thinks that if people see her and her father together, their dissimilarity in looks will make people think she is not his daughter. When they finally do meet their mother, she is very beautiful and charming, and Maya and Bailey are no longer nervous or sad at being taken away from Stamps. Saint Louis is the important turning point in Mayas life. She received the mothers love and care that she missed all the years in Stamps. Maya doesnt have friends and only Bailey is the only one she can share h er secret. Maya writes Saint Louis was a foreign country. In my mind I only stayed in St. Louis a few weeks and I carried the same shield that I used in Stamps: I didnt come to stay. (Caged Bird, 58). In Saint Louis, mothers boyfriend, Mr. Friedman raped Maya at age of eight and she hospitalized. Maya describes that she looked at Mr. Freeman as a father figure. He was the only real man that was a part of her life. Being at a young age she thought that Mr. Freeman just loved and cared for her, just like any little girl would. But it went farther Mr. Freeman eventually forces her to have sex, and threatens her not to tell anybody. Ultimately, Maya was convinced that by her telling everyone about Mr. Freeman raping her, however condemning him and lying about the other times he molested her, she caused his death. Thinking that now every time she lies, someone will die, Maya decides to shield others by not speaking to anyone except Bailey. I had discovered that to achieve perfect personal silence al l I had to do was to attach myself leechlike to sound. I began to listen to everything. I probably hoped that after I heard all the sounds the world would be quiet around me (Caged Bird , 87). The lack of sound in Mayas life due to the rape and lies she said under oath had become the most important thing to her. Her life now became the sound of everyone else, burying the sound she believes can kill; her own voice. Mayas writing is simple and she is very honest. Bertolino states that Angelous description of her molestation and rape is probably the most valuable part of her remarkable book. Angelou tells the story honestly, without sensationalism, yet with enough palpable detail and enough insight so we, the readers, might to understand. (Blooms Note, 56) After these difficulties, Maya and her brother went at Stamps. Smith argues that Mayas psychological and emotional devastation find a mirror in Stamps social devastation. Stamps gives her back the familiarity and security of well-known cage. She climbs back in happily, losing herself in her silent world, surrendering herself to her own worthlessness. (Modern Critical Views, 9). Mrs Bertha Flowers played an important role in her life. Mrs. Flowers allowed Maya to come out of her depression and learned about many different things. Mrs. Flower helped Maya to come out of depression, she says to her Now no one is going to make you talk-possibly no one can. But bear in mind, language is a mans way of communicating with his fellow man and it is language alone which separates him from the lower animal (Caged Bird, #). Mrs. Flowers, also introduces Maya to reading books, she learns that she must be biased of ignorance, but understanding of the illiteracy, and also Mrs. Flowers offered her to cookies and tea. Smith argues Mrs Flower opens the door to the caged birds silence with the key of acceptance. For the first time Maya is accepted as an individual rather than as a relation to someone else: I was liked, and what a difference it made. I was respected not as Mrs. Andersons grandchild or Baileys sister but just being Marguerite Johnson (Caged bird, 98). Such unqualified acceptance allows her to experience the incipient power of her own self-worth. (Modern Critical Views, 9). Angelou describes again the inequality between whites and blacks and looked them in cage. Equal education opportunities are also lacking, and the intellectual capacities of blacks are assumed severely limited; the schools provide an academic curriculum for whites and an athletic one for blacks. The white kids were going to have a chance to become Galileo and Edisonand the (black) boys (the girls werent even in on it) would try to be Jesse Owenses and Joe Louises, writes Angelou (Caged Bird, 151). Using both irony and straightforward description, Angelou confronts racism and gender bias, and tries to sensitize readers to these issues. Her voice come stronger and emotional It was awful to be Negro and have no control over my life. It was brutal to be young and already trained to sit quietly and listen to charges brought against my color with no chance of defense. We should all be dead. (Caged Bird, 153) At the graduation ceremony, during which the exciting expectation of the young graduates and their families and friends are exploded casually by the words of an oblivious and insensitive white speaker, the young girl comes to know already the desperation of impotence (Modern Critical, 10): It was awful to be Negro and have no control over my life. It was brutal to be young and already trained to it quietly and listens to charges brought against my color with no chance of defense. We should all be dead. I thought I should like to see us all dead, one on top of the other. (Caged bird, 153) Angelou using her memories to show how hard was the life of black society she was caged in black community. During a Gradation Party Maya gets a toothache and goes to see a white doctor. The doctor refuses to put his hands in a black girls mouth saying: My policy is Id rather stick my hand in a dogs mouth than in a niggers (Caged Bird, 160). .. Maya continues her story in 1941 where her mother, Vivian marries Clidell and they move to San Francisco. Maya and Baily again went to live with Vivian Baxter. Maya attended to George Washington High School and the age fourteen received scholarship to attend to California Labor School, where she took evening classes in a drama and dance. In 1943 when Maya was 15 years old she spent a summer with her father at a trailer park in Los Angeles. Maya accompanies her father to a small Mexican town where he proceeds to get obviously drunk, leaving her with responsibility of getting them back to Los Angeles. For the first time, Maya finds herself totally in control for her fate. She never had driven a car but her courage she did. And although the drive culminates in accidents, she triumphs. Unable to get along with her father and his live-in girlfriend she ran away and lived for 6 weeks in junkyard that was the residence of a community of homeless children. Angelou was impressed by this nonjudgmental and self-sufficient group of young transients and she felt that her experience with them served as a kind of initiation into the human race. Recalling this group in Caged Bird Angelou wrote: After hunting down unbroken bottles and selling them with a white girl from Missouri, a Mexican girl from Los Angeles, and a Black girl from Oklahoma, I was never again to sense myself so solidly outside the pale of the human race. The lack of criticism evidenced by our ad hoc community influenced me, and set a tone of tolerance for my life (215). This moment succeeded by a month spend wrecked car provide her with knowledge of self-determination and a confirmation of her self-worth. With this affirmative knowledge and power, while is she was in high school she decide to work and applied for a position as a conductor in streetcars. Stamps acquiescence and cage is left far behind in Arkansas Maya assumes control over her own social destiny and engaged in the struggle with lifes forces. Braxton argues that another positive identity experience occurs in the world of work Marguerite is determine to become a conductor on the San Francisco streetcars, even though no black have been hired previously. She visits the Market Street Railway Office with the frequency of a person on salary until she is hired, breaking the color barrier previously imposed against blacks and achieving a degree of independence (Modern Critical, 228. ) In her story, Maya concludes, The black female is assaulted in her tender year by those common forces of nature at the same time that she is caught in the tripartite crossfire of masculine prejudice, white illogical hate and Black lack of power. (Caged Bird, 231) She has broken out the rusted bars of her social cage. (page 11) Maya become increasingly concerned about her body, which to her seemed unfeminine and underdeveloped. Though her mother tried to informed her otherwise, Angelou feared that she was physically abnormal and began to wonder if she could be lesbian. Wanting to assure herself of her sexual identity, Angelou invited a male classmate to have sex with her one time. The incident resulted in a pregnancy and have a baby boy. It is the born of the baby the main turn point in Mayas life and her triumph. Smith states Maya Angelous autobiography comes to a sense of an ending: the black American girl child has succeed in freeing herself from the natural and social bars imprisoning her in the cage of her diminished self-image by assuming control of her life and fully acceptation her black womanhood. (Modern critic, 12)

Failed Revolutions and Tyrants in Animal Farm Essay -- Animal Farm Ess

Failed Revolutions and Tyrants in Animal Farm Animal Farm, by George Orwell was published in 1945, a crucial time in history because of Stalin’s takeover of the Soviet Union and his exploitation of the centralized communist government. This was in direct contradiction to the expected results of the Russian Revolution. Orwell felt that revolutions fail because the end result is a change of tyrants and not of government. Orwell exemplifies this failure through the goals of the revolution and their failure to meet them, the malfunction of Napoleon and Snowball’s rule together, and Napoleon’s disastrous reign. The goals of the Revolution and the failure to meet them, is one way Orwell exemplifies his philosophy. Before the Revolution, the inhabitants of Animal Farm are ruled by the tyrannical Jones. The animals get fed up with the treatment they are receiving and, at the meeting, Old Major provides a solution, Revolution. Even at this meeting the pigs, including Napoleon, sit close to the front, showing the social classes that already exist. The Revolution plans to overthrow Jones and set up an animal government. Their goals are to be completely self sufficient and not have to rely on humans in any way. These goals are seemingly idealistic but the animals do not achieve these for more than about six months. The reason for this is the pigs becoming corrupt and wanting to break the commandments for their own pleasure. Shortly after the meeting with Old Major, the Revolutio...

Thank You for Smoking Essay -- Peter Brimelow Tobacco Health Essays

Thank You for Smoking â€Å"Take another drag. That’s good for you.† One might not hear that everyday, but Peter Brimelow’s â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†¦?† is a very well written deductive argument that may have you believing that statement by the time you’re done reading his article. Brimelow’s argument is clearly inductive because he presents his samples right away which lead to generalizations that are drawn from those examples (McFadden). Brimelow comes right out early in the argument and informs the reader smoking can be beneficial to one’s health (141). Brimelow makes it clearly evident throughout the article that smoking is good for one’s health which is his major claim. The major claim is also known as a thesis (McFadden). Because most Americans have heard repetitively from the time they were little that smoking is bad for your health, Brimelow needs to provide valuable information to sway his audience. In this argument, he does a really good job of doing just that. Brimelow uses grounds, which are evidence and facts that support the major claim, to back up his argument (McFadden 2003) Parkinson’s disease among smokers appears to be half the rate of non-smokers. Alzheimer’s disease has been found to be as much as 50% less among smokers than non-smokers. Smoking may be responsible for what appears to be a 50% lower rate of prostate cancer among smokers` (142). These were a few of the statistics Brimelow provided to show how smoking may help prevent certain diseases. He didn’t stop there. On page 141 Brimelow documented the outcome of studies performed by D.M. Warburton that showed cigarettes to stimulate alertness, dexterity, and cognitive capacity. These grounds presented by Brimelow attract the audience... ...ke away from the power of Brimelow’s argument. Overall, Brimelow has a strong argument going here. He clearly has stated his claim and has strengthened it with powerful grounds, warrants, and backing. He exhibited skill in providing qualifiers and bringing up rebuttals and counter-claims. Brimelow falls short in a few areas of the argument. By using some fallacies and hasty generalizations Brimelow takes away from his strong argument. With some modifications in a few areas Brimelow would have a very good argument. Works Cited Brimelow, Peter, â€Å"Thank You for Smoking...?† The Genre of Argument Ed. Irene L. Clark Boston: Thomson/Heinle, 1998. 141-143 Clark, Irene L. The Genre of an Argument. Boston: Thomson/Heinle, 1998. McFadden, James. The Toulmin Method: From Classical Logic to Modern Argumentation. 2003. Buena Vista University. Storm Lake, IA