The Influence of Media in Brazilian Families Essay -- Television, Tele

This essay explores the representational meanings in my collage work Media and Me. This work, which the main theme is the Television, was crafted in two segments which is reflected on the structure of this essay. In the first part I address to the influences of television system in my homeland, brazil, through family representation in Telenovelas. The essay will examine how this influence might be linked to cultural changes in the structure and identity of Brazilian families, including mine. The other part of the collage explores the use of internet to access television and how it is affecting the television industry. I will therefore, go through some of the technological, cultural and economic effects caused by, highlighting the struggle of broadcasters with online competition and user-generated content (UGC).The influence that telenovelas in Brazil impose on national identity over the years might be linked to profound cultural changes (Porto, 2010) and also linked to my family and myself. This is because of the everyday battlefront of this genre in the lives of most inhabitants of this country and the portraying of their culture and, in conjunction with other social factors, could have lead to those changes. The images of families on the collage identifies unitary instance, due in part to this influence, how the standard family size abruptly shrinks in the last four decades (Gorney, 2010). The pictures of novelas showing a large number of family members coincide to those of my parents and grandparents, and course to the ones below of smaller families and my own. More specifically, for instance, my paternal grandfather had eighteen siblings while the one sister. What now is called the modern Brazilian family might be linked to the ... ... of the series Family Guy broadcasted accessible to USA audience only on the 20 november 2011 by Fox Network was already available for viewing on the side by side(p) day at the Megavideo website. While in the UK, BB C Three is still exhibiting last years season. I have used pictures of programs I watch through this and other link websites. This essay covered different aspects of Television represented in my collage its role in the family identity and structure, and as an industry struggling to survive the upcoming technology. Through this art composition, I tried to represent the conception of media illustrating Television as a medium technology but also as part of a cultural, social and economic sphere. Moreover, I explored how it affects me by connecting those aspects covered with my own experiences, being them with my family or in the new ways I use this medium.

Pitiful Human Condition Exposed in Endgame, Dumbwaiter, and The Horse D

The Pitiful Human Condition Exposed in Endgame, Dumbwaiter, and The clam Dealers Daughter The three stories, The Endgame (Beckett), The Dumbwaiter (Pinter), and The Horse Dealers Daughter (Lawrence) all deal with the themes of repression, repetition, and breakdowns in communication. The stories show us the subjectivity of language and exemplify the complexities of the human condition. Samuel Beckett arrived on earth in Ireland on well behaved Friday, April 13, 1906. He then spent the rest of his life wanting to be somewhere else. Becketts life was one of silence, solitude, and depression. He felt he did not depart in this world and he was disenchanted with societal convention and the hum-drum existence that was everyday life. He lived in Paris for awhile and became good friends with James Joyce, another(prenominal) Irish writer disenchanted with conventional ways of life. Becketts works reflect his complex views of language, silence, and the ineffectual capacity o f both to convey human thought. In Becketts ideology, wrangle is useless and he creates a mythical universe commonwealthd by lonely creatures who struggle vainly to express the inexpressible. His characters exist in a nasty dreamlike vacuum, overcome by an overwhelming sense of bewilderment and grief, grotesquely attempting some form of communication, then crawling on, endlessly. Becketts short story, The Endgame, is about four people in an underground room waiting for death. The end of the world has apparently happened and they have survived in what is presumed to be a bomb shelter. Two of the characters live in trash cans. These two characters are the parents of our main character, Hamm, who is himself confined to a whe... ...he unconscious is the soul and all action should be from instinct. That is a scary thought works Cited Beckett, Samuel. The Endgame, (online) http//samuel-beckett.net Pinter, Harold. The Dumb Waiter, The Caretaker and The Dumb Waiter, Grove Press, Inc., New York, 1965 Lawrence, D.H. The Horse Dealers Daughter, (online) Samuel Beckett, (online) http//www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/clsc7.htm Harold Pinter, (online) http//www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/clsc28.html Cliff Notes. Harold Pinter - The Dumb Waiter(online) Prentice Hall, (online) http//wps.prenhall.com/hss_guth_disclit_3/0,5308,342140-,00.html Nigel Harrison, Eastwood and D H Lawrence, (online) http//ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/nigel_h/dhl.htm Randall Albright, The Horse Dealers Daughter, (online) http//clik.to/rananim/

The Fool in William Shakespeares As You Like It Essay -- William Shak

The Fool in William Shakespe bes As You Like ItThe fool is one of the first character archetypes that any student of belles-lettres learns how to analyze. Despite his seemingly light or even pointless chatter, the fool usually manages to say some fairly important things. Upon further study, the student may perceive that it is because of his penchant for silliness that the fool is given leave to express even offensive truths about the other characters. What happens, though, when one fool encounters another? Fools are not used to being subject to one anothers wit this experience of being held up to a sort of mirror is largely reserved for the characters who must undergo some change to further the plot. banner and Jaques manage to break that rule, and merely by coexisting seem to compete. Both rifle up to some part of our expectation of the fool, and neither manages to fill the role entirely. Which one comes closer is a matter worthy of some debate. In her book The Foo l His Social and Literary History, Enid Welsford devotes a chapter to The Court-Fool in Elizabethan Drama and briefly discusses As You Like It specifically. She at one point describes fools as being partly within and partly outside the action of the drama. (244). This idea is applicable to Touchstone and Jaques, but in a slightly different agency than she intended it. She was describing characters placed by circumstance in that liminal state--characters with no desire to move to either side of their middle ground. Also, she describes the differences between Touchstone and Jaques, both in appearance and attitude. Most importantly, she mentions that Touchstone exposes affectation but he is capable ofcriticism, and his judgments are r... ... encroaching on his territory. Jaques is a sort-of fool in a sort-of court, but Touchstones presence brings in a glimmer of the rest of the worlda real fool from a real courtthat shatters Jaques forwards he ever has a chance to throw a sin gle stone at Touchstone. Jaques attempts to find a place for himself, then, simply read as a strange, lost man making faces in a glass. There is no way that Jaques can surpass Touchstones inherent liminalitywhere Touchstone slips seamlessly from one world to the next, in and out of the action, Jaques just hops jerkily back and forth like someone walking on hot coals. He never lands in any one place long enough to really establish himself. It is for this reason that Touchstone fills every facet of the fools role more ably than Jaques, up until the bitter end when Jaques takes the traditional fools ending and stands alone.

Essay --

Electrical stimulation (ES) therapy involves the transfer of electrical current across outrage tissue through the two electrodes and uses three types of currents AC, DC and quiver DC. According to various studies, electrical stimulation therapy has shown to reduce inflammation, edema, improve wound appearance, cause a faster reduction in wound size by helping to kick start the wound healing process and is cost effective for many uncomplainings. It has generated a positive impact on patients comfort and convenience. Electrical stimulation therapy has provided numerous beneficial effects in wound healing demonstrated by various studies, however further explore trials are needed in lodge to prove the effectiveness and benefits of electrical stimulation therapy as it relates to wound healing (Cutting, 2006). Background The clinical application of ES can be dated as far back as 1812 when Hartshorne used electricity to promote bone healing in a patient suffering a tibial nonunion, la ter described in an 1841 publication (Wienke & Dayton, 2011). Research stayed in focus with bone stimulation via ES therapy for many years leading to the US Food and Drug Administration approved labeling electromagnetic devices for treatment of nonunion and delayed union fractures. ES therapy in chronic wound healing became a major research trend in the mid 1960s with a multitude of successful clinical trials to follow (Isseroff & Dahle, 2012). Eventually ES use in treating chronic soft tissue wounds became widely accepted and in 2002 the Centers of Medicare and Medicaid Services approved ES treatment in a clinical setting for certain types of chronic wounds and pressure ulcers. Until 2003, research focus stayed with ES therapy on pressure ulcers but later ... ...rocess and is cost effective for many patients. It has alike generated a positive impact on patients comfort and convenience. Yet still, the selection of an optimal modality remains amongst the scientific and medical com munities. get ahead research and clinical trials to support these positive effects on wound healing may help generate that consensus and help ES therapy gain replete support in the US. In reviewing the above studies the evidence of the numerous beneficial effects ES therapy has are clear, however, the evidence that the lack of consensus on standardization of parameters to think over systematic protocols for its use and the lack of uniformity in reports on ES dosages, application modes and waveforms is also clear. Further research trials are needed in order to prove the effectiveness and benefits of electrical stimulation therapy as it relates to wound healing

Dual Structure in Japan :: essays papers

Dual Structure in Japan What do you understand by the term dual twist of an economy? How do you apologize the dual structure of manufacturing industry in Japan? The word dual has the meaning of double, twofold or in two parts according to The Australian Oxford Dictionary (1996). Applying the word to an economic context, I would describe the term dual structure of an economy to indicate the co-existence of two different sectors alongside each sepa rove with disparities in technology and productivity between them. Take for instance, the existence of a traditional primary sector along with a modern non-primary sector constitutes to a dual structure. Duality can exist within a particular sector of the economy. The existence of traditional subsistence husbandry alongside export agriculture among the Southeast Asian countries during colonial period is an example of duality within a sector. Minami (1994, p.239) defined dual structure to mean the existence of two apparent sector s one that has modern technology, a senior high capital-labour ratio, high labour productivity and wages, against another one, which has all the opposite characteristics. Therefore, one can infer that if large-scale industries with high capital intensity (K) were promoted at the stage in which labour supply (L) is relatively abundant then differentials in labour productivity (Y/L) and the wage rate would arise and lead to a dual structure. For Japan, three characteristics of the economy indicated the existence of a dual structure. First, the coexistence of a very low unemployment rates and keep low incomes in agricultural and small business. Second, the existence of large (industrial giants) and small scale firms within the manufacturing sector. Third, the existence of peculiar characteristics of the labour market such(prenominal) as enterprise unions, wages differentials according to the size of the firm and long term employment (Odaka, 1967 p.50). Furthermore, duality exis ted in the manufacturing sector too. In general, dual structure of the Japanese economy began before the Second World War as seen in a widening of income differential between agricultural and non-agricultural. The widening income differential was due to two main reasons. Firstly, productivity differential widen as productivity in the industrial sector incr rests faster due to relative ease in technology borrowing than productivity in agriculture. Secondly, the existence of surplus labour in traditional industries has tended to hinder increases in productivity due to throttle arable land for agriculture so the farmland area per worker increased very slightly.

Dual Structure in Japan :: essays papers

Dual Structure in Japan What do you understand by the term ternary structure of an economy? How do you explain the soprano structure of manufacturing industry in Japan? The word dual has the meaning of double, twofold or in two parts according to The Australian Oxford dictionary (1996). Applying the word to an economic context, I would describe the term dual structure of an economy to indicate the co-existence of two different sectors alongside each other with disparities in technology and productivity between them. Take for instance, the existence of a traditional primary sector along with a modern non-primary sector constitutes to a dual structure. Duality can exist within a particular sector of the economy. The existence of traditional subsistence agriculture alongside export agriculture among the sou-east Asian countries during colonial period is an example of duality within a sector. Minami (1994, p.239) defined dual structure to mean the existence of two distinct sec tors one that has modern technology, a high swell-labour ratio, high labour productivity and wages, against another one, which has all the opposite characteristics. Therefore, one can infer that if large-scale industries with high capital intensity (K) were promoted at the stage in which labour supply (L) is relatively abundant then differentials in labour productivity (Y/L) and the wage rate would rotate and lead to a dual structure. For Japan, three characteristics of the economy indicated the existence of a dual structure. First, the coexistence of a very dispirited unemployment rates and continued low incomes in agricultural and small business. Second, the existence of large (industrial giants) and small scale firms within the manufacturing sector. Third, the existence of peculiar characteristics of the labour market such as enterprise unions, wages differentials according to the size of the firm and long term employment (Odaka, 1967 p.50). Furthermore, duality existed in the manufacturing sector too. In general, dual structure of the Japanese economy began before the Second World War as seen in a widening of income differential between agricultural and non-agricultural. The widening income differential was repayable to two main reasons. Firstly, productivity differential widen as productivity in the industrial sector increases faster due to relative ease in technology borrowing than productivity in agriculture. Secondly, the existence of surplus labour in traditional industries has tended to hinder increases in productivity due to limited productive land for agriculture so the farmland area per worker increased very slightly.

Theoretical Model Of Comfort Discomfort Health And Social Care Essay

Seating COMFORT AND DISCOMFORTThe Cambridge Advanced Learner s lexicon ( 2008 ) defines entertain as a pleasant feeling of being relaxed and unloose from hurting. Hertzberg ( 1972 ) describes puff of air sufficientness as absence of edginess. The term ready cheer is typically utilise to specify the short-run issuance of a calculate the homophile total organise ( Kolich, 2008 ) . Comfort is a generic and subjective feeling that is sonorous to assess, construe, and colligate to tender-hearted physiological homeostasis and psychological well being ( Shen and Parsons, 1997 ) . Seat puff is a really subjective issue because it is the client who makes the concluding finding and client ratings argon based on their sentiments holding experienced the range ( Runkle, 1994 ) . Helander ( 2003 ) show ergonomic remains in the ordinate send offing, where good biotechnologies is a stipulation for puff. By and large, ottoman issues non under argument by research drawers ar ( De Looze et al. , 2003 ) ( 1 ) drag is a concept of a subjectively-defined personal nature ( 2 ) comfort is affected by factors of assorted nature ( physical, physiological, psychological ) and ( 3 ) comfort is a reaction to the environment. Helander and Zhang ( 1997 ) describes that there is a difference amid comfort and malaise during sitting in office chair. They discuss that comfort is much related to emotional facets like experiencing safe and luxuriousness. Discomfort is more related to physical facets like feeling agitate per whole of measurement ara and musculus hurting.2.2.1 The Theoretical simulation of Comfort and DiscomfortThe constructs of comfort and restlessness in sitting be under argument. thither is no widely accepted definition, although it is beyond difference that comfort and restlessness ar feelings or emotions that atomic number 18 subjective in nature ( De Looze et al. , 2003 ) . Seating uncomfor delayness has been examined from a figur e of incompatible positions. The job with criterion comfort in respects to coerce or whatever other factor is that, comfort is subjective and non easy to quantify. Seating uncomfortableness varies from capable to capable and depends on the pioneer at manus. Comfort, nevertheless, is a obscure construct and subjective in nature. It is by and large defined as deficiency of uncomfortableness ( Shen and Vertiz, 1997 ) . One of the definitions of comfort by Dumur et Al. ( 2004 ) is the pleasant and fulfilling feeling of being physically or mentally free from hurting and agony, or virtuallything that provides this feeling.Harmonizing to the European Union Legislation for Drivers and Promote ( Euroactiv, 2007 ) , the hebdomadal lug clip for truck ingestrs shall non transcend 56 hours. Commercial trucks are alone in that they are specifically intentional to transport heavy tonss over capacious distances. The drawn-out period of sitting overwhelms higher hazard of back jobs, numbn ess and discomfort in the natess due to excessively high line up force per social unit subject under the thighs ( Floyd and Roberts, 1958 ) . The survey by Adler et Al. ( 2006 ) shows that the driver position is non inactive and alterations over clip. Position alterations and uninterrupted gesture are schemes of the driver to avoid robotlike gist and ischaemia of tissue, which has been identified as one chief ground for uncomfortableness. Discomfort feelings, as described by Helander and Zhang ( 1997 ) , is affected by biomechanical factors and weariness. The beginnings of such uncomfortableness are listed in Table 2.1.Table 2.1 Causes of siting uncomfortableness ( Helander and Zhang, 1997 ) .Human experience mannerBiomechanicalSeat/EnvironmentPhysiology causesEngineering causesBeginningPainPainPainDiscomfortPerspirationPerceptCirculation occlusionIschemiaNerve occlusion light upVisual/auditory/tactilePressurePressurePressure trembleingMaterialBreathability formulate/vibratio nShock absorber stiffnessSeat contour fomite driveVinyl upholsteryVehicle costZhang et Al. ( 2006 ) presented a a priori reckon that illustrates the interaction of comfort and uncomfortableness as shown in form 2.1. Passage from uncomfortableness to comfort and frailty versa are possible in the intersection of the axes. Hence, if uncomfortableness is change magnitude, such as with a eagle-eyeder clip within undertaking and weariness, comfort will diminish. Its agencies that good biomechanics may non increase the degree of comfort, it is likely that hapless biomechanics turns comfort into uncomfortableness.PassageDiscomfortPoor BiomechanicsAnd TirednessComfortWell being andPlushness approximate 2.1 Hypothetical Model of Discomfort and comfort ( Zhang et al. , 2006 ) .Millet and Pignede ( 2001 ) described the comfort methodological depth psychology, where is to avoid introducing with a comfort mark and burying other facets. They pitch explained that when interior interior desig ner make a great betterment on a specific facet of comfort and if, at the same clip, the interior decorator induce a job for another comfort facet, the consequence is the uncomfortable place. They besides defined their comfort oval as shown in token 2.2. radiation pattern 2.2 The 10 points of comfort ( Millet and Pignede, 2001 ) .Kolich ( 2008 ) described that seat are required to fulfill culture-based penchants and outlook of place comfort. For illustration, the Western European, by and large, are thought to prefer firmer seats as compared to North Ameri do-nothings. The writer besides visualized the factors that impressing carmobile place comfort as in Figure 2.3.Figure 2.3 Factors carry oning subjective perceptual experiences of machine place comfort ( Kolich, 2008 ) .Position as described by Kolich ( 2008 ) , is the just about of import single factor. While the consequence of position is assumed to be important, it is hard to turn to because residents with similar anthr opometric features may sit in wholly different organic social structure places. Stiffness, geometry, contour, breathability, and titling are considered seat factors. Stiffness refers to the resilience of the place constitution. Geometry defines place form in footings of breadth, length, and tallness, whereas contour trades with the profile of the sitting surface ( e.g. location and prominence of lumbar vertex ) . The place s geometry and contour mustiness suit the anthropometry variableness of the mark population. Breathability, as it pertains to the well-heeled trim ( i.e. foam denseness and fabric building ) , may impact car place comfort in utmost environmental conditions. Styling must be included as a place factor because aesthetic quality may impact perceptual experiences of comfort, in the same manner as nameplate or purchase monetary value of vehicle. Runkle ( 1994 ) described the Lear s place comfort benchmarking methodological analysis which incorporates and integrates quartette tools into a individual comprehensive place comfort analysis market research surveies, benchmarking surveies, organic structure force per unit playing theatre of operations distri furtherion analyses and gentlemans gentleman factors surveies of anthropometric informations. The consequences concluded that good aesthetics, well- knowing and comfy are more of import than physical parametric quantities in a place design.De Looze et Al. ( 2003 ) proposed a hypothetic account of siting comfort and uncomfortableness as shown in Figure 2.4. The left side of the theoretical account is about the seating uncomfortableness. At the human race degree, the exposure , drug . response and capacity is the chief issues of the take shape-related physical ailments. The external exposure factors bring forthing a perturbation of the internal province ( dose ) of an person. The dosage may submit a cascade of mechanical, biomechanical or physiological response. The extent to which ext ernal exposure leads to an internal dosage and responses, depends on the physical capacity of the person. The loading factor of a sitting individual ca utilize by the physical features of the office place, the environment and the undertaking. These external tonss related to muscle activation, internal force, intra-discal force per unit theater, nervus and circulation inclusion, and tegument and organic structure temperature rise, arousing farther chemical, physiological and biomechanical responses. The right side is concerns comfort, such as feelings of relaxation and wellbeing. In the theoretical account, the physical and psycho-social factors such as occupation happiness and societal swan are playing a function at context degree. At the place degree, aesthetic design and physical characteristics may impact the feelings of comfort. At human degree the influential factors are assumed to be single outlook and other single feelings or emotions.Figure 2.4 Theoretical theoretical acc ount of comfort and uncomfortableness and its implicit in factors at the human, place and context degree ( De Looze et al. , 2003 ) .2.3 Aircraft Passenger SeatWorld market has become really competitory in the concern and premiere class sections as this tend to give higher net income border in comparing with the frugal governing body w water borders have been combat zone by the new low-priced air hoses. The reaching of the new flourishing economic systems of China and India and the bing tiger economic systems pushed the demand for concern travellers on long draw flights really high. The air hoses responded by offering new degree of comfort and edification. The aircraft place maker have designed and manufactured the aircraft rider to study the safety and comfort during air travel ( SEAT, 2006 ) .2.3.1 Current Aircraft Passenger SeatSwiss based company designed the air-fill chamber to replace the conventional froth. Pneumatic impingement absorbers adjust automatically to sitin g and kiping places with air Chamberss. repayable to the adaptative constructions of air chamber, riders feel no force per unit area points and flock typeset saccade absorber wisdom separately ( Lantal Textiles, 2010a ) . Since 2009, all concern and first phratry seats of the SWISS long-haul fleet were equipped with Lantal s advanced pneumatic comfort system. It sets new criterions in rider comfort and has a direct impact on the profitableness of air hoses. Four place companies, viz. , B/E Aerospace, Contour, ZIM Flugsitz and Recaro implemented Lantal s pneumatic comfort system in their aircraft place ( Lantal Textiles, 2010b ) . The Lantal s pneumatic comfort system is a inactive control system, where rider needs to set the hardness of air chamber manually.Thompson Solutions developed new economic system place, the Cozy Suite. The Cozy Suite provides each rider with two armrests. The place is designed to assist aircraft rider to kip. It has contoured shoulder country and offe rs wider articulatio genus infinite compared to standard siting designs of the same pitch. It besides features a alone hands-free, tip-up place base, which makes it easier to acquire in and out of window seats, and aid to diminish embarkation and deplaning times ( James and Kington, 2008 ) . The new place design claimed to increase 14 % of economic system category rider seats in Boeing B767-400. The Cozy Suite foc employ on legroom, armrests, air hoses gross, place measure, easiness of emersion, personal infinite and dedicated kiping country ( Thompson Aero Seating, 2009 ) .B/E Aerospace exhibited its economic system category Spectrum rider place. The new platform is 10 % igniter in weight and provides over 14 % extra tone infinite. The developed place includes a graven Crytalflex back support system and meets the 2009 Head Injury Criteria ( HIC ) demands. Recaro Aircraft Seating presented a new version of its single-beam Comfort bank line 3610 economic system category place. The place increases the legroom even at a comparatively short place pitch. The new place have comfort characteristics include kinematics that improve the seating angle, a flexible head res moderatet, a foot cyberspace and ultra-thin visible radiation lightweight aluminum backrest with comfort netting ( James and Kington, 2008 ) .Air New Zealand introduced the Skycouch , a lie-flat economic system and premium economic system place in twelvemonth 2010. The Skycouch is a specially designed row of three seats, has been engineered to make a lie-flat, flexible infinite all the manner to the seat-back in forepart, supplying a topographic point for the childs to play, or the devoted grail of economic system travel- a level surface for grownups to loosen up and kip ( Air New Zealand, 2010 ) .Based on the survey on current aircraft rider place development from twelvemonth 2008 to 2010, the aircraft place makers and airliners were focused on the igniter and dilutant place every bit good as mor e seats to set in the cabin.2.4 EXISTING NECK SUPPORT DURING TRAVEL2.4.1 locomote Type write out SupportFrom the swop hunt utilizing web services, several neck supports related merchandises were found. There are different types of uterine neck supports that used during air travel such as expansive cervix roost ( Pilot Paul, 2010 ) , polyester filled pillow ( Pilot Paul, 2010 ) , memory froth pillow ( Pilot Paul, 2010 ) , feather filled pillow ( Nick Robinson, 2010 ) and the aircraft place with neck support ( mainland China Pacific, 2010 Qantas, 2010 ) .Inflatable Neck PillowThe inflatable cervix pillow can be found from any travel store at low monetary value. The chief job with inflatable cervix pillow is that they normally fail by developing a slow leak and upseting the user during remainder. The air inside the inflatable travel cervix pillow will spread out and contract the as the aircraft alterations altitude. This is because the cabin superlative degree alterations in proportion to the plane s height. As the cabin height ascents, the air in the pillow expands. As the plane descends, it contracts. The pillow size alteration is relative to the height alteration. These cheap travel pillows seldom last more than two or three trips. The better 1s do last thirster. Another disadvantage of the less expensive air travel pillows is the vinyl stuff can acquire hot and gluey against your face. The chief advantage of inflatable travel pillows is that they take small room in your baggage. They are besides lighter than any of the other types, particularly the Polygonum fagopyrum 1s ( Pilot Paul, 2010 ) .Memory Foam Travel PillowThe memory froth travel pillow provides tonss of support and stabilisation and is highly comfy. A travel cervix pillow made with memory froth will last umpteen old ages. It should last much longer than an inflatable or poly-filled one. Foam travel pillows do an first-class occupation of keeping your point still therefore leting you to kip. Memory foam casts in response to your organic structure form, weight and heat to organize a pressure-free cradle of support. When user is non utilizing it, a froth travel cervix pillow compresses good to suit in your carry-on bag. They are comparatively lightweight. While memory froths travel pillows can be some of the most expensive among other neck support pillow ( Pilot Paul, 2010 ) .Polyester Travel PillowThe polyester travel pillow does non supply the support and stabilisation like memory froth or Polygonum fagopyrum travel pillows. Some air hose such as KLM and China Southern Airlines do provide polyester pillow in the cabin. The advantage of polyester travel pillow is low cost ( Pilot Paul, 2010 ) .Feather change PillowThe plume filled pillows are really soft, cuddly and fictile. The pillow contours to the caput and cervix sensible good and supply more support than down. The pillow can be scrunched to supply better support to user caput and cervix. The plume pillows weigh really small, normally weigh no more than a lb or two ( Nick Robinson, 2010 ) .Feather pillows frequently do non keep important support throughout the dark because they tend to drop in to some grade. As a consequence, the user needs to set the pillow during remainder. And botching the pillow or agitating it may besides be required to return the pillow to its preferable loft. As the pillow ages, increased fluffing or shaking will be required. The difficult quills of the plumes can frequently be noticed through the congresswoman and can even jab through. Further, the pillow creates crunching-like noise when the pillows are compressed because the plumes can incorporate difficult parts or because the pillow has a fictile bed to forestall the plumes from jabing through. Finally, plume pillows have been known on juncture to hold an olfactory decorousty, possibly of H2O poultry or chemicals used to clean the plumes ( Nick Robinson, 2010 ) .2.4.2 Long Distance Commercial Vehicle Pa ssenger Seat with Neck SupportThe Coach Passenger Seat with Neck SupportLong-distance manager services, besides called show up coachs or interurban managers, have in common that they cater for conveyance demands outside urban agglomerations, normally from metropolis to metropolis, frequently besides functioning towns non good served by rail on their manner ( van de Velde, 2009 ) . The manager rider place is one of the of import characteristics to guarantee the comfort of the rider for long distance travel. For illustration, an bear witness manager that travels from Singapore to Thailand as showed in Figure 2.5 was equipped with cervix and leg support for their rider comfort during long distance travel.Figure 2.5 The luxury manager rider place with neck support ( Five Star Tours, 2010 ) .The Train Passenger Seat with Neck SupportFor the long distance high hurrying rail, such as ICE, Thalys and Eurostar offered luxury rider place to guarantee the siting comfort of rider during trai n travel. German ICE offered the rider place with the cervix support as showed in Figure 2.6. The cervix support is a soft shock absorber that attached to the place with two strings. Thalys ( Figure 2.7 ) and Eurostar ( Figure 2.8 ) offered similar rider place with same side support for caput and cervix.Figure 2.6 The German train ICE rider place with neck support.Figure 2.7 The Gallic train Thalys rider place with neck support ( Raileurope, 2010 ) .Figure 2.8 The Eurostar rider place with neck support ( Bembridge, 2007 ) .The Aircraft Passenger Seat with Neck SupportThe economic system category place of major air hoses such as KLM, Malaysia Airlines, Qantas Airlines and Cathay Pacific Airlines equipped with adjustable caput remainder to better the caput and cervix comfort during air travel. The headrest of economic system category place is a automatically device that support caput and cervix. The device needs to be modify manually by the rider for comfort betterment. The headrest ( Figure 2.9 ) that forthcoming in the economic system category aircraft place of Cathay Pacific Airlines able to adjusts in four ways up, down and sideways ( with the adjustable ears ) . The head restraint is to maximise comfort and support for rider caput and cervix ( Cathay Pacific, 2010 ) . Subsequently, the Qantas A380 economic system category place besides equipped with the caput remainder wing for caput and cervix support ( Qantas, 2010 ) . Most of the headrest that available in current aircraft rider is a mechanical system where the rider needs to set the caput remainder manually to the needed place. Figure 2.10 showed the Qantas economic system category aircraft rider place.Figure 2.9 The Cathay Pacific Airlines economic system category aircraft place with constitutional cervix support ( Cathay Pacific, 2010 ) .Figure 2.10 The Qantas Airline economic system category aircraft place with neck support ( Travelhouseuk s Travel Blog, 2010 ) .2.5 OBJECTIFYING AND SUBEJCTIFYING OF SEAT ( DIS ) Comfort2.5.1 Relationship of clinical measurings to siting comfort and uncomfortablenessThe design of vehicle s seating for improved drive uncomfortableness is one of the primary ends for vehicle makers. Comfort measuring is hard because of such factors as user subjectiveness, resident physician anthropometry, place geometry, and sum of clip spent sitting ( Thakurta et al. , 1995 ) . A great trade of research has been performed in recent old ages to happen nonsubjective move for foretelling place comfort perceptual experience. Some of the proposed nonsubjective step include quiver, porthole force per unit area, and musculus activeness. These nonsubjective steps are correlated with subjective informations to find the comparative effects of each step related to comfort ( Nawayseh and Griffin, 2005 ) . Research has shown that some of the chief factors that affect siting comfort are seat-interface force per unit area distribution, whole-body quiver and force per u nit area alteration rate ( Boggs, 2004 ) .Position AnalysisCAEPressureEpinephrineSpinal fill upOxygen ImpregnationTemperature and HumidityObjective MeasurementsElectromyogramVibration EvaluationEtc.ElectroencephalogramA huge bulk of nonsubjective steps used for measuring comfort and uncomfortableness. From the lit hunt, the nonsubjective measuring methods for place such as force per unit area distribution, position, computer-aided design ( CAD ) , computer-aided engineering science ( CAE ) , temperature, humidness, quiver, electromyography ( electromyogram ) , and epinephrine. Figure 2.11 shows an overview of different nonsubjective measuring methods for place comfort and uncomfortableness.Figure 2.11 Overview of different nonsubjective measuring methods for place comfort and uncomfortableness.From the literature hunt utilizing computerized systems such as ScienceDirect, force per unit area measuring is used to analyze the uncomfortableness feeling among the drivers. Pressure meas uring method is the most used method for the place developer to quantify the comfort and uncomfortableness of sitting individuals ( Adreoni et al. , 2002 Boggs, 2004 Lee et al. , 1988 Nawayseh and Griffin, 2005 Yun et al. , 1992 ) . The instruments that used in force per unit area measuring, viz. , force per unit area mat, force per unit area proctor system, force detector, place twist mensurating device and force per unit area imagination system.The automotive industry strongly encourages research in the landing field of nonsubjective comfort appraisal, particularly dedicated to the place and the related positions ( Bustrom et al. , 2006 Scarlett et al. , 2007 ) . Driver position is one of the of import issues to be considered in the vehicle design result ( Wu and Chen, 2004 ) sing non merely the auto and the user ( Kolich et al. , 2006 Schust et al. , 2006 ) but besides the proveal conditions. The instruments that used in the position measuring are camera, optoelectroni c system ( Andreoni et al. , 2002 Brazier et al. , 2002 ) ride position supervise system, digital signal processing, supersonic device ( Brazier et al. , 2002 Park et al. , 2000 ) , 3D gesture analysis ( Park et al. , 2000 ) , and gesture measuring system ( Bush and Phaeda, 2003 ) .A major part of the quivers experienced by the residents of an car enters the organic structure through the place ( Choi and Han, 2003 ) . Whole-body quivers, which are perpendicular quivers, tend to impact the human organic structure the most. These quivers are transmitted to the natess and dorsum of the resident along the vertebral axis via the base and dorsum of the place ( Wereley and Choi, 2005 ) . The instruments that used are perpendicular quiver simulator, angulator rate detector, accelerometer and whole organic structure quiver measuring. Six surveies have used computer-aided technology ( CAE ) methods to quantify the sitting individual comfort such as finite component method ( Choi et al. , 2007 ) , practical world ( Marler et al. , 2007 ) , simulation method ( Kolich and White, 2004 Seitz et al. , 2005 Verver et al. , 2005 ) and unreal intelligence technique ( Kolich et al. , 2004 ) .Other surveies for nonsubjective measurings are related to human physiology. The physiology of human such as encephalon, musculus, bosom, tegument and spinal can be used to mensurate the sitting individual comfort or uncomfortableness degree. The spinal burden measurings have been performed in two surveies. Five surveies are carried out to mensurate the tegument temperature and humidness degree. Two surveies utilizing electromyography ( EMG ) to mensurate the musculus reaction in relation with the capable uncomfortableness feeling. There is a survey which used epinephrine content in the piss to mensurate the driver s stress degree. Besides, the encephalon activity can be detected by electroencephalography ( EEG ) every bit good as O impregnation can be used to mensurate discomfort degr ee of sitting individual excessively.Pressure Measurements The force per unit area distribution method is the most common method that used by research workers to mensurate place comfort objectively. Several research workers have measured the force per unit area at the human-seat interface utilizing electronic detectors ( capacitive, resistive, strain gage ) , pneumatic and electro-pneumatic. However, the visco-elastic behaviour at the interface is wholly altered by the detectors used ( Nawayseh and Griffin, 2005 ) . Andreoni et Al. ( 2002 ) used force per unit area mat to garner shock absorber and backrest force per unit area informations during inactive conditions and existent drive activity. Gyi et Al. ( 1997 ) evaluated the place force per unit area measuring engineerings that used in the anticipation if driver uncomfortableness for assorted auto place designs, and supply interior decorators and makers with rapid information wee in the design mathematical process. Lee et Al. ( 1998 ) recruited 100 topics and 16 seats to happen the correlativities between force per unit area informations and comfort. They stated that the correlativity is non high pile to be the footing for any design determination. Yun et Al. ( 1992 ) studied the correlativity between force per unit area distribution and topical anaesthetic uncomfortableness of auto seats. The consequence found that force per unit area distribution at the low back and buttock country was statically correlated to local uncomfortableness in auto seats.There are huge bulk of nonsubjective steps used for measuring comfort. They were created based on the comparing of different place designs with similar types of place shock absorbers that are widely used in the automotive industry, i.e. urethane froth shock absorbers. The kineticss of air-inflated place shock absorbers is really different from that of foam shock absorbers in footings of their interface with the human organic structure. Further surveies should be performed to utilize alternate methods of rating that can efficaciously measure the kineticss at the interface between the shock absorber and the human organic structure. In add-on, the vehicle place interior decorator should see the soft tissue in contact with a soft place surface. Figure 2.12 shows the assorted force per unit area measuring techniques that used in the place development.Ocular fibres deviceSAE AM50 cheek signifier indentorTalley force per unit area proctor systemPressure feeling mat ( piezo resistive )Highest extremum force per unit area measuringLower extremum force per unit areaPliance system( Pressure distribution )Pressure and contact country measuringPressure detectorsForce sensor/transducersPressure matSeat distortion mensurating device( Strain gage )PressureFigure 2.12 Assorted force per unit area measuring techniques.Position Analysis The automotive industry strongly encourages research in the field of nonsubjective comfort appraisal, particularly dedic ated to the place and the related positions ( Bustrom et al. , 2006 Scarlett et al. , 2007 ) . Driver position is one of the most of import issues to be considered in the vehicle design procedure ( Wu and Chen, 2004 ) sing non merely the auto and the user ( Kolich et al. , 2006 Schusr et al. , 2006 ) but besides the experimental conditions. Figure 2.13 shows the different nonsubjective measuring techniques for position analysis.Optoelectronic systemDriving position monitoring system ( DPMS )Digital signal processingShock absorber lading indentorSupersonic device of tactual explorationBody motion measuring3D optical maser scanningPosition analysis3D co-ordinate measurement machineVideo Camera( obesevation )Motion measuring system3D gesture analysisPositionFigure 2.13 Objective measuring techniques for position analysis.Vibration Measurements A major part of the quivers experienced by the residents of an car enters the organic structure through the place ( Choi and Han, 2003 ) . Who le-body quivers, which are perpendicular quivers, tend to impact the human organic structure the most. These quivers are transmitted to the natess and dorsum of the resident along the vertebral axis via the base and dorsum of the place ( Wereley and Choi, 2005 ) . Since the natural frequence for the human bole falls in the scope of 4-8 Hz, it is expected that the whole organic structure quivers that will most mostly affect riders will happen in this frequence scope ( Ofori-Boetang, 2003 ) . Figure 2.14 shows the nonsubjective measuring methods in quiver analysis.Vertical quiver simulatorAngulator rate detectorAccelerometerWhole organic structure quiver measuringVibrationFigure 2.14 The nonsubjective measuring methods for quiver analysis.Temperature and Humidity Measurements Thermal comfort is an of import facet to be considered in the biotechnologies rating of the driver seats, which are important interfaces between adult antheral and machine in car. Determining caloric comfort in vehicle is a complex undertaking, because thermic comfort involves the interaction of many a(prenominal) variables and cars are susceptible to temporal fluctuations in their thermic environments ( Mehta and Tewari, 2000 ) . As shown in Figure 2.15, air velocity, air temperature, humidness and average beaming temperature are used to find the temperature and humidness of the place objectively.Air velocity detectorAir temperature detectorMean beaming temperatureHumidity detectorTemperature andHumidityFigure 2.15 The nonsubjective measuring methods for temperature and humidness.Computer-aided Technology Due to the promotion of the figure machine system, computer-aided technology ( CAE ) is used to back up scientists and applied scientists in undertakings such as simulation, analysis, design, industry, planning, diagnosing and fix. The usage of CAE could ease the place development procedure. In the early phases of the design procedure a new design can be tested for its grade of comfor t by computing machine simulations with theoretical accounts of the human and the place. This allows makers to rush up the design procedure of a new place or interior and sunburn down costs. Verver et Al. ( 2004 ) used the finite component theoretical account of the human natess to foretell the inactive force per unit area distribution between human and siting surface by it detailed and realistic geometric description. Hix et Al. ( 2000 ) developed technology methods and expertness in the country of truck place patterning to capture the effects of place kineticss on drive quality. Figure 2.16 shows some CAE techniques that used to mensurate the place objectively.PAM comfort simulation toolVirtual HumanMathematicaMADYMORAMSISAnyBody Modeling SystemArtificial Intelligence( GA, Fuzzy, SVM )ADAMS/FigureABAQUA/CASIMIRALASKA/DYNAMICUSCAEFigure 2.16 CAE techniques for place developmentPhysiological Measurements Biological parametric quantities such as bosom rate, musculus, and piss can be used to mensurate the place comfort objectively. The biological parametric quantity is based on human organic structure physiological or orthopaedic phenomenon. For illustration, electromyography ( EMG ) signals is used to mensurate the myoelectrical activity of musculuss ( Inagaki et al. , 2000 ) , epinephrine in the piss can be used to mensurate the human emphasis degree ( Uenishi et al. , 2002 ) , electroencephalography ( EEG ) is used to mensurate the human encephalon activity ( Zhang et al. , 2006 ) , and O impregnation is used to look into the human uncomfortableness. Lim et Al. ( 2006 ) used a method of ECG measuring without direct contact with the tegument while topics sat on a chair have oning normal apparels. Figure 2.17 shows the assorted nonsubjective measuring methods for physiological analysis.Metabolic rateRelative humidness( Skin wettedness detector )CT scanElectrocardiography( ECG )Electromyography ( EMG )Skin wet trial ( Skincon-200/IBs )Physiological clime simula tor ( CYBOR )A double manner dynamometerSpinal burdenHeat flux detectorSkin temperature detectorX rayOxygen impregnation measuring( Somanetics Oximeter )EpinephrineElectroencephalography ( EEG )PhysiologyFigure 2.17 Various nonsubjective measuring methods for physiological analysis.2.5.2 Relationship of subjective measurings to siting comfort and uncomfortablenessDue to the deficiency of proved analytical prosodies, vehicle makers have opted to trust on subjective ratings as the chief indication of place comfort. The vehicle makers developed elaborative subjective rating protocols that involved extremely construction questionnaires ( Ahmadian et al. , 2002 ) . The questionnaires direct residents to delegate feelings of uncomfortableness to a specific part of place. The questionnaires, which typically contain numeral graduate tables ( e.g. 1 = really uncomfortable to 10 = really comfy ) , produce subjective evaluations that are translated into public presentation requirements/ spec s ( Yagiz, 2004 ) . A decently designed questionnaire is paramount because it affords research workers an instrument from which to set up theories ( Brooks and Parsons, 1999 ) .Local Discomfort rate Local uncomfortableness evaluation is used to mensurate the uncomfortableness of topics while sitting. Harmonizing to Kolich ( 2008 ) , many research workers have adopted Hertzberg ( 1972 ) definition because, in the current environment, it is more straightforward to quantify uncomfortableness than to mensurate comfort. The local uncomfortableness evaluation graduated table can be rate on a graduated table such as 1 to 10 or -10 to 10. Shen and Parsons ( 1997 ) used the class partitioning graduated table ( CP50 ) for evaluation seated force per unit area strength and perceived uncomfortableness. There are 16 surveies related with local uncomfortableness evaluation. Whereas there are six surveies related to local comfort evaluation.In the survey by Mehta and Tewari ( 2000 ) , 10 point gr aduated table local uncomfortableness is used to mensurate the tractor place comfort. The work is to project the most appropriate method of appraisal and choice of tractor seats from technology and biomechanical position point. Eklund and Corlett ( 1987 ) used local uncomfortableness with ocular parallel graduated table to analyze the correlativity between bole and back uncomfortableness.Local Comfort Rating Kyung et Al. ( 2008 ) used several subjective evaluation strategies to look into the most effectual manner for usage in planing and measuring auto place, and to happen the relationship among these strategies. There are entire 27 Participants completed short-run drive Sessionss, in six combinations of seats ( from vehicles ranked high and low on overall comfort ) , vehicle category ( sedan and SUV ) , and driving locale ( lab based and field ) . Overall evaluations were obtained, every bit good as separate steps of comfort and uncomfortableness of the whole organic structure and local organic structure parts.For the aircraft place, Parakkat et Al. ( 2006 ) investigated the long continuance effects of sitting in the expulsion place shock absorber. Subjective comfort study informations and cognitive public presentation informations is used in the probe. Zhang et Al. ( 2007 ) studied the thermic esthesiss, overall thermic acceptableness and thermic comfort on ocular parallel graduated tables. 7-point graduated table thermic comfort for each of the organic structure elements is used in this studied.Body mold In the organic structure mapping method, the sensed uncomfortableness is referred to a portion of the organic structure. The topic is evaluation the organic structure countries sing uncomfortableness and to rate this uncomfortableness on a given graduated table. Kyung et Al. ( 2008 ) used a ocular organic structure mapping linear graduated table as shown in Figure 2.18 to obtain overall evaluations of comfort and uncomfortableness for the whole organic st ructure. For the work by Zenk et Al. ( 2007 ) , the uncomfortableness for each organic structure portion is rated on the uncomfortableness graduated table and apportion this appraisal to a specific section of the organic structure parts in border with the place.Figure 2.18 The organic structure function for comfort and uncomfortableness evaluation ( Kyung et al. , 2008 ) .Seat Function In the place function method, the place is divided into different subdivision to measure the seating comfort and uncomfortableness. Inagaki et Al. ( 2000 ) divided the place into 16 sections to measure place comfort based on 5-point graduated table. The fit feeling and soft feeling of the sitting place were converted to points of stimulation that the human organic structure received. Figure 2.19 shows the place mapping method by Inagaki et Al. ( 2000 ) .Figure 2.19 Evaluation of place comfort based on place function ( Inagaki et al. , 2000 ) .2.6 TOTAL DESIGNEntire design is defined as the system atic activity requirement, from the designation of the market/user demand, to the trade of the successful merchandise to fulfill that demand an activity that encompasses merchandise, procedure, people and organisation ( Pugh, 1990 ) . Entire design has been developed into an integrating model or methodological analysis that encapsulates all facets of the new merchandise development ( Ion, 1995 ) .As mentioning to Figure 2.20, entire design is represented by an activity theoretical account that breaks the design procedure into six iterative phases- market reappraisals, merchandise design specification, construct design, item design, fabrication and merchandising. The attack accent the front terminal of the design procedure and includes many methods which are of direct relevancy to the apprehension of the market demands. The cardinal nucleus of activities as represented by the six stages is present in all design irrespective of subject. All design starts, or should get down with a demand that may be satisfied by bring forthing a merchandise that will suit into an bing market or make a market of its ain. This demand is expanded in the initial phases of the design procedure into a liberal merchandise design specification. This specification reflects the client demand and influences and restraints the remainder of activity. It is followed by conceptual procedure and item design. A merchandise that meets the merchandise design specification be developed and specified ( Ion, 1995 ) .Figure 2.20 Entire design activity theoretical account ( Ion, 1995 ) .To enable the design squad to run efficaciously and expeditiously, it is necessary to utilize a broad assortment of techniques and methods. These methods are straight related to the nucleus stages and efficaciously organize the design squad s tool kit. Design methods may associate to analysis, synthesis, determination devising or some other facet of design and can either be independent of subject or engineering, su ch as originative methods, or subject specific, such as emphasis or thermodynamic analysis. The entire design attack is to the full harmonious with the rules of concurrent technology ( Ion, 1995 ) .2.7 ELECTROMYOGRAPHY AND STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID MUSCLEAn electromyography ( EMG ) signal is used to mensurate the myolectrical activity of musculuss. Muscles contractions send a mensurable electric potency that can be recorded by EMG ( Lee et al. , 1995 ) . Surface electromyography ( sEMG ) has been used in research and clinical applications for the non-invasive analysis of cervix musculuss to supply information about musculoskeletal conditions ( Falla et al. , 2002 ) . Sommerich et Al. ( 2000 ) discusses that at least a few of the musculuss of import for neck motion and stabilisation are accessible with surface electrodes. One of the musculuss is sternocleidomastoid ( SCM ) , where SCM is responsible for flexure, whirligig converter motion and sidelong bending. Figure 2.21 shows the ster nocleidomastoid musculus.Sternocleidomastoid musculusFigure 2.21 The sternocleidomastoid musculus ( Wikipedia, 2010 ) .Costa et Al. ( 1990 ) described the authoritative text books of anatomy and kinesiology, see caput motions such as heterolateral circular motion, homolateral disposition flexure and extension, of import maps of the sternocleidomastoid musculus. The map of the SCM musculus in caput motions of immature persons were studied electromyographically. From the consequences of the research, the caput motions performed by the SCM musculus were classified as heterolateral disposition, lengthiness, extension and flexure. Johnston et Al. ( 2008 ) studied the electromyography signals from the SCM musculus to find differences between computing machine workers with changing degrees of cervix hurting in footings of work stressors, employee strain, EMG amplitude and bosom rate response to assorted undertakings. Assorted surveies ( Ylinen et al. , 2003 Bexander et Al. 2005 Gabriel et al. , 2004 Moon et al. , 2003 Lin and Huang, 2008 ) showed that there is a relationship between electromyography ( EMG ) activity of sternocleido mastoideus ( SCM ) musculus and caput roundabout motion.The research characterized isometric rotary motion strength in the impersonal and in different pre-rotated places of the cervix. Twenty healthy work forces volunteered as topics. easy layimal axial rotary motion strength of the cervix musculuss was measured in a impersonal place and bilaterally at 30A and 60A rotary motion utilizing the isometric cervix strength measuring system. Isometric maximal voluntary contractions of the cervix musculuss in flexure and extension were tested. The highest strength values were non reached in the impersonal place, but at the largest joint angles, while turning the caput in the opposite way from the pre-rotated place. Maximal strength increased with the increasing angle, and at the 60A pre-rotation angle it was 44 % higher towards the right an d 27 % higher towards the left compared to the values obtained in the impersonal place. The smallest strength values were besides produced at the largest pre-rotation angles, but in the same way. The consequences showed a clear relationship between the pre-rotated place of the cervix and maximum voluntary strength in rotary motion ( Ylinen et al. , 2003 ) .Bexander et Al. ( 2005 ) conducted an experiment to look into the consequence of oculus place on neck musculus activity during cervical rotary motion. In the survey, the root-mean-square EMG amplitude was measured for 1 s during the period in which the place of the cervix and caput was held statically in each rotary motion angle ( 0, 15, 30, 45A ) . The EMG amplitude of left SCM was increased when the cervix rotate from 0-45A during left rotary motion and decreased during right rotary motion. The consequence of experiment indicated that activity of SCM was specific to the way of cervix rotary motion.Moon et Al. ( 2003 ) developed a method to gauge face way angle utilizing both image observation and EMG signal from cervix musculuss. The EMG signal of the SCM musculus concerned in the caput motions is measured. The collarbone part is selected as the mention point for the EMG signal measuring because the collarbone is the nearby bone from cervix and it has no musculuss. During the experiment, when the caput is rotated to the right or left, the EMG signal is measured from the SCM at the opposite side. The consequences from the experiment showed that the alterations of EMG signals are little until 30A , but additive belongingss are appeared in the scope 30A , 90A . There is a relationship between rotated caput angle and EMG signals.Lin and Huang ( 2008 ) investigated the alterations of cervix musculus activities when utilizing different pillows in a clip series and different sort of pillow. There was a important lessening of SCM activity after 9th proceedingss up to 20th proceedingss when lying down from an un sloped place and non happened to upper cowl muscle musculus. The activities of SCM cervix musculuss decreased when altering craniocervical positions. The consequences confirm the ground of participants preferred proper cervix support. Tilley and Dreyfuss ( 2001 ) conducted human factors research impact everything in day-to-day life. In their measuring on caput rotary motion angle for adult male and adult female as mentioning to Figure 2.22, they defined that the caput confronting front or in 0A is the most comfort caput place. From 0A to 45A is the easy caput rotary motion angle scope and 60A is the maximal caput rotary motion angle.0A Most caput comfort45A Easy caput rotary motion60A Max caput rotary motion comfort45A60AFrontFigure 2.22 The caput rotary motion angle from top position ( adapted from Tilley and Dreyfuss, 2001 ) .2.8 SummaryLiteratures have provided theoretical theoretical account of siting comfort and uncomfortableness. There are different factors that affected the h uman comfort during travel, such as force per unit area, quiver, temperature and position. The rider has different degree of comfort and uncomfortableness during air travel. For the bing cervix support during travel, most of the cervix support used by rider is inactive back uping system where the rider needs to set the support when he/she feels uncomfortableness. There is no such adaptative cervix support for current aircraft place. Therefore, the end of this thesis work is to develop a cervix support system that can cut down the cervix musculus emphasis adaptively. There are different attacks that used to understand the comfort and uncomfortableness of sitting objectively every bit good as subjectively. Objective and subjective measuring methods can be unite for measuring both the comfort and uncomfortableness belongingss of seats. Literature reappraisal sing the cervix musculus showed that people need proper cervix support to cut down the cervix uncomfortableness. For this ground, sternocleidomastoid musculus that is responsible of caput rotary motion was selected for the proof of the developed smart cervix support system with surface electromyography methods.

Child Development Stages

Unit 201 Child and spic-and-span-fangled person using Outcome 3 Understand the potential effects of transitions on children and young people 3. 1 Identify the transitions pay backd by most children and young people 3. 3 Describe with examples how transitions may yarn-dye children and young peoples conduct and development Under all(prenominal) heading, explain how each aspect may impact on a childs behaviour & development, giving examples. Puberty Growth spurts, early bloomers, late bloomers, jealousy from late bloomers, personal odour, self conscious of frame changing.Males, become taller and stronger, body qualifyings , body odour may develop and he may need to start using deodorant. They become moody at times and produces need to try and assure this to help in that respect adolescent cope with changes. The most important factors in the adolescence through puberty is peers, family and civilize. Any disturbance in these 3 factors can be a heavy burden on this growing chi ld. This could lead to depression, drugs, criminal acts and more. Starting school- From pre school to primary (Reception class). Child could have nervous and feeling insecure. may start primary with no friends from pre-school. New faces, new friendships. Learning to dress themselves for P. E, more independence needed. How may this call for the childs behaviour and development? Starting school -( cont from above) If child J slips through the cracks, is not offered reassurance by his instructor or by provokes, he will bide to feel left everywhere(p) out. He will and then become withdrawn and isolate himself from everyone and everything. He will fall back in class and because he has isolated himself from peers, he might start to feel that he is on his own.He will then start to enjoy his own company. He will not put on any social skills and will not move beyond this point. If child J starts school and this kind of behaviour is picked up early & he is offered reassurance from his parents, teacher and all that are a positive role in his life things could be very different. The more positive the parents are, the more the child will be. He will thrive in school and be able to communicate well with the teacher and peers. Moving class or school Moving from reaction class to year one.Children start to follow the national curriculum and are a good deal taught more formally. It can effect a child who is used to instruction through play, suddenly they have to work in a formal substance for longer periods. More learning , less free time. Change of teacher, tenet assistant ( have a supply teacher). Affects learning, self esteem, not wanting to go to school. Eg. ) We go to England when my son was 4 long time old. On arrival he attended primary school A, he did reception class and year one at this school.By the time he got to year 2, I matt-up the teacher was very laid back and I was not happy with her method of teaching. I then moved him out of school A in the middle of year 2 and moved him to school B. It was a different area. He had to then start all over again, new school, start to present a whole new circle of friends. In school B this is where the bullying started. He kept it very quiet and it was not till I was approached by one of the mothers at the school, she informed me that my son was being bullied.I thought I was doing the best for my son by lamentable him into a new school because all I wanted was for him to thrive. Moving school was not a good choice, instead of thriving, he was unhappy, it affected his self esteem and he became withdrawn. I should have considered my sons happiness. This is break up Kamilla, you have used a good example. Starting Secondary School There are differences in the curriculum and the way subjects are taught. Some children may find that in that location close friends have transferred into different schools, so they must develop new friendships.Although transitions can be difficult, moving on c an also be a positive and exciting experience eg) Biggest to smallest, timetables, many schools feed friendships, change of classes, change of subjects, start to carry bags, conclusion there way around the school. Eg. ) The quiet shy male /female student may fall into the clutches of the group of peers. To avoid being bullied or to try and fit in with the In kids he/ she will go to the ends of the earth to avoid being made fun of. In some schools there is initiation. Some children lose their confidence right at the start of secondary school. . 2 Identify transitions that only some children and young people may experience e. g bereavement 3. 3 Describe with examples how transitions may affect children and young peoples behaviour and development Under each heading, explain how each aspect may impact on a childs behaviour & development, giving examples. Bereavement Following a death of a parent or someone close to a child can be traumatic. If child was living with one parent this ma y mean a change in carer and perhaps a move into residential or foster care. Loss of parent is devastating . Keep an eye on change of behaviour .Grief goes through several changes Eg) Anger, denial, withdrawn and crying all the time. It may affect memory, concentration and learning. This challenge lasts for months and can last for two or more years. It can affect children in different ways. Eg. ) There are children who continue to do well in school following the death of a love one. These children go unnoticed. They my use the tasks of school work or sports to block out painful feelings or thoughts, or they may feel a need to outdo because of a feeling that the parent is watching them and will want to show the deceased parent how much they care in this way.This type of response to blemish can result in stress related health problems later on in life, as well as potential physical and aroused difficulties from unresolved grief. How to Help Maintain routines in school Be realistic about expectations for academic achievement Allow make-up opportunities Remember that some children continue to have academic difficulties up to 2 years following a death, and sometimes beyond Make exceptions for sports participation sports can help with the healing do by Refer to the school counselor Communicate with the parentsRespect the childs need to grieve Avoid telling the child to Move on or Get over it. Create an emotionally safe classroom Learn about childrens grief Recognize that intense grief can come at developmental stages, years after a death occurs Be patient Affirm the person, regardless of academic performance new baby The older children experience change, Younger children often find changes tin family life because of the new arrival, particularly difficult to cope with. Eg) My son was was an only child till he was 10years old.We always did everything thing together, I over smothered him and therefore he was not an independent child. Once his sister was born, he became mature over night and became more independent. I feel this was a positive change in his life. His little sister looks up to him. Think also about a child that feels left out, how may that affect their behaviour and development The first child may experience a range of emotions, from excitement to jealousy or so far resentment. Younger toddlers are ineffective to verbalize their feelings, and their behaviours may regress after the new child is born.They might suck their thumb or drink a bottle, forget their recent tipsy training skills and communicate baby talk in an effort to get your attention. Older toddlers and kids might express their feelings by testing your patience, misbehaving, throwing tantrums, or refusing to eat. These problems are usually short lived and a little preparation can help and older child adjust to the idea of welcoming a new sibling. moving family A family may move house either into a poorer environment where there may be high incidences of crim e or into a better area where they are more open spaces.A child that moves into a new area will leave behind friends and extended families. How will this affect their behaviour and development A new house, new environment, new area can affect a child in many different ways. A new surrounding depending, can affect a child by making them feel unsettled. Unfamiliar faces, unfamiliar scents, unfamiliar bedrooms can set a child back. The breakdown of connections with peers, discontinuation of group activities, distress and worries related to a new environment are potentially psychologically distressing events for young children. usual exposure to these events can be stressful and confusing and may affect their psychosocial wellbeing, thus increasing their intention toward ending their life if they are unable to cope. parent divorce & separation Both familiar routines and lifestyles will change. Children will become more independent when there is only one parent. Sometimes they think it is there fault. Some children become withdrawn from everyone. Some children rebel, school work may suffer. Do you have any examples Eg) Child Z was 13years old when his parents got separated.His body was passage through major changes hormonally. Once his parents separated he became a different child. He automatically became the man of the house. He rebelled against his mother, had no respect, came home when he pleased, his school work suffered. He disrespected everyone around and was very easily influenced. He got into trouble with the law due to peer pressure. When you put all this kind of behaviour, this child was pursuit attention. His grandparents intervened, sat him down and had a one to one with him.He informed them that he felt that his parents had split up because of him, he felt that he couldnt bare to see his mum in tears all the time. He also mentioned that there was no stability in the house and it was very unsettling for him, thusly his behaviour. Fostered/ looked aft er children If fostered because parents cant cope eg) because of drug abuse, alcohol abuse. Foster children are normally placed miles away from where they grew up. Issues of distance. Foster kids are normally moved around due to behaviour or reasons out of their control.Some children experience feelings being unsettled. Some children are already damaged before they are even fostered eg) Due to unsettled background. They make take several behaviours with them, insecure , difficult to make friends lack of trust. Good Well done Kamilla. You have expanded your answers, simply occasionally didnt really say what affect the transition had on behaviour and development. I will chat to you about this on Tuesday morning. See you then Could you leave the comments on your answers please it shows I am doing my job. Thank you. E assessed 16th October, 2011

Devil in a Blue Dress Rhetorical Analysis Novel vs Film Essay

The hardboiled mystery original, Devil in a no-account Dress, by Walter Mosley was first promulgated in 1990 and was acknowledged by former U. S. President, Bill Clinton, as one of his many favorite briskists ( well-heeled Writer). Taking place in post-war Los Angeles, the story is narrated by an Afri trick American laborer, comfy Rawlins, who is transformed into an L. A. detective after being pulled in to the affairs of local townspeople. The successful novel continued onto screen adaptation in 1995 and was directed by Carl Franklin and starred Denzel Washington, who also financed and produced the film ( tripping Writer).From a well- uniformd hardboiled detective novel to a contemporary film, viewers and readers ar restricted from several rhetorical devices and techniques displayed in either mediums such as bloom of view, expression and imagery. In both(prenominal) works we render how this transition of mediums affects viewers appreciation and sense of the plot, characters , and historical context. When comparing the film adaptation and hardboiled novel, we stop how Easy conveys the story with his point of view through first person narration.Since the film had a duration limitation of 102 minutes (imbd) it held back the benefits of incorporating all of Easys narrations from the book. According to his article, Devil in a Blue Dress, Jeff Stafford states, Universal first acquired the rights to Devil in a Blue Dress and hired Walter Mosley to adapt his own novel for the screen but the author soon realized it was not his forte. His avowal shows how difficult it was to transform the novel into a 102-minute film without excluding its great literary aspects.In the novel, Easy conveys the story through his perspective and, consequently, we have access to his opinions, insights and visuals. For example, in the book, readers have access to Easys intentions and motives when looking for Frank Green. He admits, I never brought up Franks name though. Frank was s kitterish, like all gangsters, and if he mat that people were talking about him he got nervous if Frank was nervous he might have killed me before I had time to make my pitch (Devil in a Blue Dress knave 61). In the motion-picture show viewers dont get to collect the fear that Easy hides.He describes Frank in the book as a fearing man that has the capability to kill him but we dont see this in the movie. Instead, the movie shows multiple scenes where Easy bombards stores and threatens people to find Frank Green. He angrily yells Franks name out loud and makes a scene wherever he goes (Devil in a Blue Dress Movie 1995). This delineates him as a courageous and unemotional detective, which is different from how readers perceived him in the book. Unlike the movie, the book characterizes Easy as a selfless man who initially engages in the case for notes to pay his rent.He finds himself falling deeper and deeper into the probe and faces many dangerous confrontations where he is vio lently beaten and threatened. When being interrogated by the two police officers, Easy says, before I could turn toward him I felt the hard knot of his fist explode against the side of my head (Devil in a Blue Dress foliate 33). Easys character has flaws and lots experiences difficult situations that requires him to plan out his actions in order to survive. In the movie however, Easy has a heroic representation and appears unharmed throughout oftentimes of the plot. address actor Denzel Washington is known in most of his movies for playing the good guy role that fends off the bad (25 Best Denzel Washington Films of All Time). throughout the movie, managing directors appeal to viewers liking by shooting Denzel Washington with unharmed physical features. The movie utilizes Easys voiceover narration to tell the story from his point of view and the book written in the form of a diary where Easy can express all of his emotions and thoughts. The movie also fails to include Easys third conscience, which was so useful in the book.Although both mediums do consider the case from Easys perspective, it is clear that the movie lacks essential lucubrate that Easy mentions in the book. In addition to the differences seen through Easys point of view, there are also several differences in how the author and director utilize certain effects to obtain a dark tone. The screen adaptation paid homage to the dark tone perceived in the novel through lighting and a voiceover narration from Easy. Several scenes in the movie appear to have darker lighting than others.This effect allows viewers to find out the mysterious and secretive mood that is intended. In the scene where Easy visits Johns nightclub the lighting in the movie portrays the direction as very dark and musty. The room itself is very enclosed and secretive since the owner, John, was into the speakeasy business before Prohibition was repealed. The nightclub itself is for the black community and has a very low-key s pirit. To show the secretive, mysterious reputation of the nightclub, Franklin shoots the scene with little to no lighting (Devil in a Blue Dress Movie 1995).Throughout the film the audience is led through Easys point of view, which is heard through his voiceover narration. According to a movie review by Edwin Jahiel, Washingtons voice is rather too sweet, lacks the hardy staccato. Again, we see actors blocking take effect as Washington attempts to live up to his typical role as the good guy. The movie takes a much different approach towards Easys character, which results in a smooth, legato narration. His short, flowing sentences give off a professional feel and results in an overall darker tone.In the book readers get a feel for the same dark tone through Mosleys structured syntax, imagery and facts that are included and omitted. Most of the dialogue contains slang words and short forceful sentences that make the characters intimidating. When Easy refuses crawls offer he respond s, Nigger caint pull his way out the swamp witout no helpYou wanna hole on tthis house and git some money and have you some white girls callin on the phone (Devil in a Blue Dress page 73). Mouses response is daring and reckless when he gives Easy these alternatives to live a leisure life.Mosleys word choices in the dialogue and Easys narration causes a dark tone that allows readers to grasp the mystery and danger being incorporated in the probe. Most of Easys narration is straightforward because he gets straight to the point. For example, after visit the bar he states, I never got bored or frustrated. I wasnt even afraid of DeWitt Albright during those days. I felt, foolishly, safe from even his crazy wildness (Devil in a Blue Dress page 61). Easy gets straight to the point and does not beat around the bush when it comes to admitting any information or thoughts.This allows the book to be dense in information and causes a fast pace suspenseful experience. Imagery is also utilized differently in both mediums since the film takes utility of visuals through acting and scene production sequence the book takes advantage of description through texts. While sitting in Joppys bar, Easy thinks to himself, Joppys windows were so dingy if you sat at a small cherry table next to them, at least you had the benefit of the weaken glow of daylight (Devil in a Blue Dress page 2). His description of Joppys bar and use of comparison, illustrates the bar vividly.Later on in the book, Easy notices Daphne Monets accent, Allo? Thees is Mr. Rawlins? Yes? and afterwards Easy thinks to himself, The accent was mild, like French, but it wasnt French exactly (Devil in a Blue Dress page 102). His specific description of her accent raises readers superstition and reminds us of each characters mysterious secrets. The directors decision to rise this from the movie is unknown, but surely it did cause more of a surprise when she revealed her mulatto origins. The directors also changed Al brights physical appearance in his first scene.The book describes him wearing, an os linen suit and shirt with a Panama straw hat and bone shoes over flashing white silk socks I felt a thrill of fear (Devil in a Blue Dress page 1). This first impression of Albright symbolizes white supremacy during the late 1940s. His decision to appear in a black community dressed in all white seems daring and ruthless. Again, this adds to Mosleys intention to illustrate a dark tone by incorporating racial aspects that differentiate blacks and whites. Also, the book clearly exposes Daphne and Easys relationship outside of the case.This sexual relationship that isnt seen in the movie gives the book an advantage on grasps the dirty depths of the investigation. These additions or deductions, nonetheless, also affect viewers understanding of the story. In the film, Daphne Monet plans to blackmail Matthew Teran with photos that evidenced his pedophilia, I paid seven gibibyte dollars for those picture s they belong to me(Devil in a Blue Dress film). Although this isnt seen in the novel, viewers who watch the movie can understand the conflict between Daphne and Teran much easier than in the book.While standing in Carters office, Easy reveals to us, Talking with Mr. Todd Carter was a strange experience. I mean, there I was, a Negro in a rich white mans office, talking to him like we were best friendseven closer(Devil in a Blue Dress page 57). His conversed narration allows readers to connect with his character and also understand racial ideologies during that time period. The novel was published in 1990 and the movie in 1995, however, both convey an investigation set in 1948 when black and white association was uncommon (Peter Travers).The investigation takes place during the Second Great Migration where large-scale shift of African American from the southwestward migrated upwards into Northern cities such as Los Angeles. The aftereffects of WWII also caused many minorities to sea rch for skilled jobs to make more money (The Great Migration Creating a New scandalous Identity in Los Angeles). This is seen in both mediums as Easy is haunted by his past in the war and explains his reasons for moving to L. A. , I ran away from Mouse and Texas to go to the army and then later to L. A. igned up to fight in the war to prove to myself that I was a manBut I had dreams that didnt have me running in the streets anymore I was a man of property and I wanted to leave my wild days croup (Devil in a Blue Dress page 22-23). His ambitions to leave behind his past life in the South and move onto the war and later into the urban center represent many young African American in the late 1940s. The aftereffects of the war led many minorities to travel and work towards their dreams and life goals (The Civil Rights exploit? 1919-1960s).The text exemplifies African American struggles in the late 1940s during times of racism and segregation. In the movie, however, viewers did not f ully recognize the racial ideologies at the time since many prejudice statements and actions were cut from the film. The movie showed Easys neighborhood to be a close-knit black community. In the movie we see children playing in the yards and riding bicycles along the sidewalks, homeowners tending their gardens and watering plants, and even a local lunatic who tries to steal everyones trees (Devil in a Blue Dress Movie 1995).Having been produced in 1995, the movie lacked most racial ideologies set in the 1940s. Due to Denzel Washingtons lead role as Easy Rawlins, there wasnt a significantly amount of racism portrayed in the film since directors wanted to keep the screenplay in viewers favor. Transitioning from the well-liked hardboiled novel in 1990 to the a big screen adaptation five years later, the two mediums compare and contrast in several rhetorical devices such as point of view, tone and imagery. We see how the films adaptation from the books point of view through Easys persp ective can leave out information that readers get from the book.The sense of tone that is darkly portrayed in both mediums allows the audience to focus on certain issues while sensing the mysterious dangerous mood. The imagery illustrated in the novel seems to be more informative and descriptive for readers, unlike the movie. Although both mediums work their best to portray the hardboiled L. A. detective theme, they do distinguish their own techniques, which affects the audiences appreciation and understanding of the plot, characters and historical context.

Animal Rights

Do the rights of beasts precede the advancement of science? The quicker the world answers this incredulity and realizes the signifi pratce of wolfs for our own existence the better. Tougher rules on animal trafficking which is a 19 billion global industry, penalties on animal abuse and steps taken for animal conservation and banning animal testing be good primary steps taken by most European nations and the United States but a more positive effect will only come to show if the entire world takes this matter more seriously.Animal rights teach us that certain things are wrong as a matter of Renville, that there are more or less things which are morally wrong to do to animals. Human beings must non do those things, even If they do them In a humane way. The fact that people take animals as a means to fulfill their own desires and needs and not as a living being, something that feels pain just like whatsoever human does makes them do cruel things.Roughly 17 thousand species are kno wn to be threatened with extinction a curve that increases every year as more and more species of birds, mammals and sea-life are pulled closer to extinction. In Africa Ivory poachers have ailed 65% of forest elephant population In the last 11 years. According to a Washington based wildlife conservation agency just about a 100-million sharks are killed each year to make the popular Chinese delicacy, sharkskin soup.Most people are oblivious to the fact that most of their cosmetics and toiletries are first tested on innocent animals before they can be used by them these animals Include small rodents, great apes dogs etc. These apes which are known to be the smartest of all creatures and share 96% of Human desoxyribonucleic acid and largely sociable creatures and undergo both physical and mental trauma being kept in isolation for cascades. Statistics show that every year around 100 Million animals die in American laboratories for chemical, drug, food and cosmetics testing.Death Is pr obably the best thing that happens to them after they are confined to their barren cages. Before their deaths, some are forced to inhale toxic fumes, others are immobilizers in restraint devices for hours and some have holes drilled into their skulls. The only argument that people buy to liberate animal experimentation is that it helps improve Human health. The reality is that the majority of animal experiments do not intricate to Improving human health, and the value of the role that animal experimentation plays In most medical advances Is questionable.Diseases that are artificially induced in animals in a laboratory are never identical to those that derive naturally in human beings and hence the results are obsolete and useless. It makes no difference if the animals are given 5-star treatment throughout their lives and then killed humanely without any fear or pain its just plain wrong in principle, and nothing can make it right. Animal rights should receive careful consideratio n because equals not inferiors.

Have the UK banking law regulation reforms introduced after the 1st of April 2013 led to increased and sufficient protection to promote financial stability?

Abstract Banking law formula has advanced significantly since the global fiscal crisis was first instigated in 2008. to the highest degree notably, on the 1st April 2013 the Financial Services Authority (FSA) was abolished and its functions transferred to two unused regulators the Financial bestow aim Authority (FCA) and the Prudential canon Authority (PRA). The Bank of England (BoE) besides took everywhere the FSAs responsibilities for financial foodstuff infrastructures and the Financial Policy Committee (FPC) was pieceed. Despite these reforms, it is questionable the financial intentness is creation better ordinated and it seems as though further changes may still be require.1IntroductionThe Financial Services Act (FSA) 2012 came into force on the 1st of April 2013 in order to establish a new regulative framework for the financial body. Under the new Act, the Financial Services Authority (FSA) was replaced by two new regulators the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA). A Financial Policy Committee of the Bank of England was as well as created and the Bank of England was provided with the power to regulate and provide stableness to the financial system.1 This new regulatory structure became known as the twin-peaks pose and was considered to be a major milestone for the Regulatory Reform Programme.2 The Act do significant amendments to The Financial Services and Markets Act (FMSA) 2000 and restructured and broadened the law relating to market manipulation and misleading statements and impressions. The scope of the special resolution regime under the Banking Act (BA) 2009 was likewise extended and a new category of regulated activity in relation to benchmarks (e.g. LIBOR) and credit ratings was created. The approval, supervision and discipline of sponsors regime under the FSMA was also changed and the regulation of consumer credit was transferred to the FSA. This study will discuss these new regulat ory regimes in greater detail in order to consider their effectiveness.Research Aims and Objectives The aim of this enquiry is to find out the extent to which the 2013 reforms have proven effective in providing increased and capable protection to promote financial stability.Research QuestionIs the banking industry being regulated effectively?Have the 2013 reforms improved the regulation of the banking industry?Are further changes needed to the banking system to ensure that financial stability is being promoted?Key Words Financial IndustryBanking SystemFinancial StabilityBanking LawTwin Peaks and BankingBanking RegulationMethodologyA secondary research near will be undertaken for this study by accessing relevant text books, journal articles, governmental reports and online legal databases. This will enable me to acquire the steal information that is needed and will allow me to analyse be literature in this area. This will be a more cost effective and time saving way of life to u ndertake the research. This is discriminate for this particular assignment as it would be extremely difficult to obtain primary research from large organisations such as the FSA. A Qualitative research method will be used as this study requires a descriptive outcome as opposed to a prophetical one.Literature ReviewThe aim of a bank is to provide financial services to individuals and organisations by enabling them to either borrow or depositary money, whilst also creating credit. However, because of the complex nature of the modern banking business, a lack of regulation appears to exist in this area. This is evident by the recent financial crisis which seemed to demonstrate that banks are unfastened of taking extortionate risks without every intervention. This is damaging to the economy as well as consumers. However, because of how difficult it is to determine what a bankers business should consist of, problems arise when try to establish how the banking industry should be regul ated. This literature review will provide an overview as to how effective the current regulatory system is by reviewing banking law as it currently stands. This will be compared to the approach that was undertaken prior to the financial crisis and an assessment as to whether more effective regulation now exists as a entrust of the 2013 reforms will be provided.The Financial Services and Markets Act (FMSA) 2000 regulated the banking and insurance sector and provided the FSA with the power to regulate the financial system. The objectives under the Act were to provide (a) market confidence (b) public awareness (c) the protection of consumers and (d) the reduction of financial crime. However, since the global financial crisis (GFC) was instigated, it became apparent that a new regulatory structure was needed. Many argued that the system failed to adequately account for the complexity of modern financial markets and the nature and pace of financial innovation.3 A more interventionist ap proach was said to be needed to that those providing financial services could be regulated better.4 This would help to combat financial crime, which was considered one of the main reasons for the GFC.5The FSA was largely criticised for failing to keep abreast with the advances in society and that as a result they were no longer required. Hence, it was suggested that it was only a matter of time before the FSA was abolished completely the diminished role for the FSA is simply a thoughtfulness of this new reality.6 Whilst there does appear to be true to a trustworthy extent, it appears that the role of the FSA did help to regulate the financial sector more adequately over the years and that many banking failures are promising to have been avoided since the FMSA was first implemented. This was stressed by Southern when he considered the importance of regulation in the financial sector7 and by Sergeant who pointed out that the whole basis of financial regulatory law was recast on a completely updated and integrated basis.8 Again, this highlights the importance of the FSAs powers that were conferred upon it by the FMSA.The Banking Act 2009 was, nonetheless, introduced as an emergency response to the GFC and was intended to provide greater powers to bankers to enable them to regulate the financial sector more effectively. Hence, it was felt that there existed subjective failures within the UK banking system and that vital changes were thereby needed.9 The Act was considered a welcoming development in preventing future financial panics from taking place.10 Conversely, it was said that the Banks powers were too limited and that as a result the banking system could not be effectively regulated. It was therefore suggested that the Bank should be privatised so that more sufficient banking regulation can be effectuated.11Since the 2012 banking law reforms began, a number of further changes have been made to the financial system. As well as creating the FSA, the PRA a nd the FPC, the Bank of Englands role as the supervisor for financial market infrastructure (FMI) was also expanded by the 2012 Act by adding securities settlement systems and central counterparty regulation to its existing responsibility for recognised inter-bank payment systems.12 Furthermore, the Financial Services (Banking Reform) Act 2013 was implemented which was intended to provide the HM Treasury and the PRA with the power to implement the recommendations of the Independent heraldic bearing on Banking (ICB) on ring-fencing requirements for the banking sector.13The FCO has been subjected to great deal of criticism since it was established with many arguing that little benefit has been made to the financial system under the new regulatory structure.14 Accordingly, significant changes were made to the financial system as a result of the GFC, yet it seems as though further changes are expected to take place since there are increasing concerns about the ways in which financial s ervices organisations (FSOs) are conducting business.15 It cannot be said that FSOs are adequately preserving the interests of its consumers and unless FSOs have effective risk management strategies in place, a lack of consumer protection will ensue.The FSA 2012 has made great attempts to rectify the difficulties caused by the preceding law, yet it remains to be seen whether the new regulatory regime goes far enough. Nevertheless, the existing offence for misleading statements and practices that is contained under s. 397 of FSMA is being repealed and replaced by three dissolve offence misleading statements (s. 89) misleading impressions (s. 90) and misleading statements in relation to benchmarks (s. 91).16 This offence is broader than s. 397 and includes those statements that were made recklessly as well as those made intentionally. This makes it a muss harder for FSOs to mislead consumers and ensures that more effective regulation is in place. The changes that have been made to the BA 2009 include the extended special resolution regime to certain UK investment firms, group companies of UK banks and UK clearing houses. Under the new regime, the PRA will be responsible for promoting the stability of the financial system by regulating all deposit taking institutions.17 The FCA will be responsible for regulating retail, wholesale and financial markets, which increases protection and seeks to achieve financial stability overall.ConclusionIt is questionable whether the current regulatory regime is sufficient in regulating the banking industry,18 although significant improvements have in fact been made.19 Nevertheless, given the complexity of modern banking, it will remain difficult to regulate this area effectively for the foreseeable future. Given that the changes are fairly recent, it remains to be seen just how effective the FCA is in regulating this industry. Given the importance of having appropriate mechanisms in place to deal with any disruptions to the f inancial system, the changes that have been made so far are likely to be welcomed.20 This is because, the new twin peaks model is intended to strengthen the current approach to financial regulation, whilst also establishing a more resilient and stable financial system.21 It is likely that FSOs will be put under greater pressure to ensure that they are conducting their business in an appropriate manner as tighter controls will be in place. Therefore, whilst it is likely that future changes are still needed, the reforms that were implemented in 2013 have led to increased and sufficient protection to promote financial stability.Data AnalysisIn analysing the data, a process will be undertaken which allows each component of the data to be inspected using logical and analytical reasoning. This will allow an assessment to be made as to whether all of the data is effective and reliable. In doing so, the data will be gathered from a variety of sources and then reviewed and analysed so that a n appropriate conclusion can be drawn. The quality of the research will therefore be judged in relation to the resources available and the effectiveness with which those resources have been used to canvas the particular topic in question.22EthicsWhen undertaking any type of research, there are certain ethical rules of conduct which need to be followed. For example, any data that is collected must be used in a way that is honest, unbiased, sincere, free from errors or negligence, open to critique and it must protect private communications.23 A risk-analysis approach can be adopted in order to achieve this as well as adhering to the BPS guidelines.24BibliographyA Hudson., The Law of Finance, (Sweet & Maxwell, 2009).C Bates., A Brief Overview of the Financial Services Act 2012 and the New UK Financial Regulation Framework (2013) Clifford Chance, 12 June, 2014.C Dawson., Introduction to Research Methods A Practical lookout man for Anyone Undertaking a Research Project, (How to Book s Ltd, 4th Edition, 2009).C Sergeant., Risk-Based Approach Central to FSAs Regulation (2001) 151 New Law ledger 1409, Issue 7001.D Awrey., Complexity, intro and the Regulation of Modern Financial Markets (2011) Harvard vexation Law, Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper No 49/2011, 08 May, 2014.D B Resnik., What is Ethics in Research and why is it Important? (2011) 11 May, 2014.FSA., Delivering a Reduction of Financial Crime (2011) FSA Annual Report 2011/12, fsa.gov.uk/pubs/annual/ar11-12/section5.pdf 12 May, 2014.G Nicholson and M Salib., The Regulatory Powers and Purview of the Bank of England Pre and Post Crisis (2012) Journal of world(prenominal) Banking and Financial Law, Volume 28, Issue 10.HM Treasury., A New Approach to Financial Regulation Judgement, Focus and Stability (2010), CM 7874, 12 May, 2014.HM Treasury., Creating Stronger and Safer Banks (2014) 12 June, 2014.J Smethurst., Forward the Resolution (2014) Corporate Rescue and Insolvency, Volume 7, Issue 1, 18.J S methurst., Twin Peaks Bridging the Gap. Co-Ordination Under the new Regulatory Framework (2012) 1 Journal of International Banking and Financial Law 33, Issue 1.KMPG., Evolving Banking Regulation 2014 (2014) 12 May, 2014.KPMG., Twin-Peaks Regulation Key Changes and Challenges (2012) Financial Services, 11 May, 2014.L Taker., Who Regulates the FSA? (2010), 12 May, 2014.M Denscombe., Ground Rules for Social Research Guidelines for Good Practice. (2nd edn. McGraw-Hill International, 2009).M Littlewood and S Frith., The Bank of England should be privatised (2010) Institute of Economic Affairs, 11 May, 2014.N Clark., King calls for radical banking reform in UK (2010) The Independent, 12 May, 2014.R Tomasic., Financial System Reform or Business as Usual? International Banking and Financial Law, Volume 29, Issue 5, 321.S Schich., A Framework for Discussing Bank Regulatory Reform (2013) Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, Volume 21, Issue 4, 308-318.