Effectiveness of Psychoeducational Group for Improving EI

Effectiveness of Psychoeducational conclave for Improving EIEffectiveness Psychoeducational FemaleChapter 1IntroductionBackground of Studyestablish on the view of Johnson and Johnson (2000, as cited in Glading, 2003), a company is underframe by two or more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) individuals, who satisfy in face-to-face interaction, interdependently, with the consciousness that each belongs to the radical and for the reason to achieve mutually agreed-on goals.Wilson, Rapin and Haley-Banez (2000), the members of The Association for Specialist in Group Work (ASGW), which is a national division of the American Counselling Association, defines throng work as a broad professional practice involving the application of knowledge and skill in assort facilitation to assist an interdependent collection of people to reach their mutual goals which may be intrapersonal, interpersonal, or work- colligate. The goals of the classify may include the accomplishment of lying-ins think to work, education, personal development, personal and interpersonal problem solving, or remediation of mental and stimulated disorders.Jacobs, Masson and Harvill (2005) had created seven categories of crowds which based upon their different goal educational group, tidings group, problem group, growth group, counselling group, support group and self do group. However, ASGW only focus on four types of group work, which argon psychoeducational group, counselling group, psychotherapy group, and task and work group (Wilson, Rapin and Haley-Banez, 2000).This chapter comprises the background of the view and the search problem that arises in investigates the launchiveness of psychoeducational group on improving female adolescents ruttish intelligence (EI). The research problem enhanced the verifi fitted to claim on psychoeducational group and EI. Prediction of outcome was stated as hypotheses. Finally, definition of variables, consequence and limitation of the airfield were plowed.Group work is identified as an important modality because it is not only enable the clients to develop feelings of belonging and ken of others, unless in any case to increase their culture skills and self-confidence. Besides, work group pull up stakes the opportunities for clients to exchange their idea and feedback (Nelson, Mackenthum, Bloesch, Milan, Unrein Hill, 1956 as cited in Posthuma, 2002). Compare with individual counselling, group work is more efficiency because it consists of several clients who meet for common purpose and able to save considerable time and effort. When the group made in a group setting, the commitment to work on proper( statusnominal) concerns often has become strength (Jacobs, Masson Harvill, 2005).According to Posthuma (2002), groups have been effective in various helping professions such as short-term psychiatric setting (Bradlee, 1984 McLees, Margo, Waterman, Beeber, 1992 Prazoff, Joyce, Azim, 1986), long psychiatric setting (Waldinger, 1990), counselling for special populations (Akos, 2000 Firth, 2000) and with the chronically physically ill (Gonen Soroker, 2000 Levine, 1979).Variety kinds of group work are believed to be helpful to adolescent in making a successful development and growth which related with psychological and social issues (Glading, 2003). During this transition period from puerility to adulthood, adolescent grow up psychically and mature mentally. They struggle with various psychological and social issues such as cope with crisis in identity, extraordinary peer pressures, dramatic physical changes, impending rush decision, the desire for independence and self doubt (Wasielewski, Scruggs Scott, 1997 as cited in Glading, 2003).From a group, adolescents have the opportunity to identify their conflicting feeling, realize that they are not queer in their struggles, honestly question those value they decided to adjust, direct to communicate with peers and adults, learn from the modell ing provided by the leader, and learn how to accept what others recommend and to give of themselves in return (Corey Corey, 2002).In this study, the psychoeducational group is use by the researcher to promote female adolescents delirious intelligence (EI). The term unrestrained Intelligence was first introduced by Mayer and Salovey at arose in 1990 (Ciarrochi, Forgas Mayer, 2001). The initial ability definition of EI as A type of randy information processing that includes surgical appraisal of emotion in oneself and others, beguile expression of emotion, and adaptive regulation of emotion in such a way as to enhance living. (Mayer, DiPaolo Salovey, 1990 as cited in Ciarrochi, Forgas Mayer, 2001).Daniel Goleman, a acquaintance journalist, published the best-selling book, Emotional Intelligence at 1995. His popular book lead to an unusual turn of event as the field of EI become popularized and broadened. hypothetical and research modification in the area were taken place ro ughly since 1998 until present. At the same time, some new criterions of EI have been developed.Problem statementBased on the information from American Psychological Association (APA) (2002), emotional development during adolescence involves establishing a realistic and coherent spirit of identity in the context of relating to others and at the same time learning to cope with stress and manage emotion. Adolescents Self-concept and self-esteem are the two major(ip) concepts that involve in the developing a sense of identity. In the EI perspective, they need to be self-awareness and possess effective relationship skills.Emotional skills are necessary for the adolescents to master in for their stress management and be dainty and effective in relating to others. The four important skills that identified as part for adolescents emotional development are recognizing and managing emotions, developing empathy, learning to resolve conflict constructively and developing a cooperative spiri t.Recently, there are some studies provided some indication of the predictive nature of EI in adolescents. The studies found that the adolescents with high EI bump off were in return related to aggression (Rubin, 1999 as cited in Woitaszewski, Scott, Mattew Roeper, 2004) and related to depressioner admission of smoking and alcohol use (Trinidad Johnson, 2002 as cited in Woitaszewski et al, 2004). Mayer (2001 as cited in Woitaszewski et al, 2004) suggested that emotional intelligence was apparently related to the capacity to organize emotions that can occur in peer relationships. These evidences show that emotional intelligence is related to positive behavioural and social outcomes.Psychoeducational group is a type of group that originally developed for use in educational settings. Recently, young people who join in developmental psychoeducational group out of sense the needs and desire to gain experience and knowledge that pull up stakes help them better handle their concern s uch as identity, sexuality, parents, peer relationship, career goals and educational problems (Carty, 1983 as cited in Glading, 2003).There are some examples showed the positive outcome for the adolescent who received in developmental psychoeducational group. Baker, doubting Thomas Munson (1983, as cited in Glading, 2003) showed that cognitive restructuring group enabled the students learn skills related to resolving problematic situation. Besides, the study of Hudson, Doyle Venezia (1991, as cited in Glading, 2003) showed the effectiveness of communication skills group to purify their interpersonal relationship. The study of Jenau Anak Pawan (2007) and Siti Hawa Mohd Yusof (2007) showed that strcutured group enable improve the self-concept of orphans, who age of wind from 12 to 17. Thus, in this study, the researcher would like to investigate whether psychoeducational group enable in improving the EI among female adolescents, who ages from 16 to 17 and have low or moderate lev el of EI score.Objective1.3.1 General ObjectiveThe general objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of psychoeducational group in improving EI among female adolescent.1.3.2 Specific ObjectivesTo identify the different score of EI between pre- turn up and mooring- ravel for experimental group and control group after psychoeducational group take place.To identify the different score of four elements of EI ( detection emotion, managing emotion own emotion, managing others emotion and utilization of emotion) for Schutte-Self Report Inventory (SSRI) between pre- leaven and post test for experimental group and control group.To assess the validity and reliability of staff for discourse for psychoeducational group.conceptual FrameworkEmotional Intelligence(Module for Psychoeducational Group)Figure 1.0 Conceptual FrameworkThis study consists of two savor group, which are control group and preaching group. The sample of both group are identified to have low or moderate leve l of SSRI score. Each group will be given SSRI during post-test, to identify their EI level. For control group, no any preventative is given. For instance, the treatment group will form a psychoeducational group with the used of module which will develop their EI level. After 10 sessions of treatment, both groups will be given SSRI again as post-test. The score between for pre-test and post-test for both groups will be compared.Research HypothesesH1a There is no import divergency between score for pre test and post test for treatment group after psychoeducational group approach for emotional intelligence.H1b There is no significance difference between score for pre test and post test for control group after psychoeducational group approach for emotional intelligence.H2a There is no significance difference between score for pre test and post test for treatment group after psychoeducational group approach for perception of emotion variable.H2b There is no significance difference be tween score for pre test and post test for control group after psychoeducational group approach for perception of emotion variable.H3a There is no significance difference between score for pre test and post test for treatment group after psychoeducational group approach for managing own emotion variable.H3b There is no significance difference between score for pre test and post test for control group after psychoeducational group approach for managing own emotion variable.H4a There is no significance difference between score for pre test and post test for treatment group after psychoeducational group approach for managing others emotion variable.H4b There is no significance difference between score for pre test and post test for control group after psychoeducational group approach for managing others emotion variable.H5a There is no significance difference between score for pre test and post test for treatment group after psychoeducational group approach for utilizing emotion varia ble.H5b There is no significance difference between score for pre test and post test for control group after psychoeducational group approach for utilizing emotion variable.Significance of StudyThe study provides the contribution from the view of metaphysical aspect and practical aspect. From the theoretical aspect, this study is view as an academic research that study with group work. Besides, the study showed the capability of psychoeducational group as an appropriate group work approach to promote clients socioemotional development.This study is an experiment that assesses the effectiveness of psychoeducational group. Thus, the outcomes of the study are able to serve as an evidence of the ability of group work to promote EI. This is the chance to promote the group work approach for the community of Malaysian to gain their trust on the group works effectiveness.Besides, this study provides the opportunity for researcher to assess the validity and reliability of the module that h ad been developed. This is significance and necessary for this study since the validity and reliability of the module able to fix its quality and effectiveness.From practical aspect, the study provides the module that had been developed to promote the development of EI for adolescent through group work. The modules are flexible and able to modify correspond to the needs of the group. For those helping professions who interest to implement the group for developing emotional intelligence, the modules can be the references.The effectiveness of module enables to generate the adolescent who possess with undecomposed emotional intelligence. It believed will be leaded them to gain self-awareness, not only able to crystalize perception of their own emotion and managing their own emotion, but also able to guide them have a better interpersonal relationship. commentaryGroupConceptual DefinitionA collection of two or more individuals who meet in face-to-face interaction, interdependently, with the awareness that each belongs to the group and for the purpose of achieving mutually agree-on goals. (Johnson and Johnson, 2000 as cited in Glading, 2003)Operational DefinitionA team that form by seven members who meet in face-to-face interaction, which lead by the researcher, with the purpose of improving their emotional intelligence.Psychoeducational GroupConceptual DefinitionA medical specialist group work with members who are relatively well-functioning individual but who may have lack of information in a certain area, with the specialization deals with importing, discussion and integrating factual information. New information is integrated through the use of planned skill-building exercises (Galding, 2003).Operational DefinitionA structured group with focus on EI theme and work with female adolescent who are low or moderate levels of EI, with the aim of providing members with increased awareness of their emotional problems in day-to-day animation and the tools or skil ls to better cope with it.EffectivenessConceptual DefinitionAn outcome which has production of intended result (Hornby, 1997).Operational DefinitionCreation of positive effect for the group members to help them improves their EI development through psychoeducational group approach.Emotional IntelligenceConceptual DefinitionThe ability to perceive emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotional knowledge, and to reflectively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and intellectual growth. (Salovey, Peter David Sluyter, 1997 as cited in Wikipedia, 2007)Operational DefinitionThe ability of an individual to percept emotion accurately, master the skill in managing own and others emotion, and utilize his emotion for creative thinking, flexible planning, mood redirected attention and motivation. scholarship of EmotionConceptual DefinitionThe ability to recognize ones own and others emotion base on situational and expressive cues that have some microscope stage of cultural consensus as to the emotional meaning (Saarni, 1999 as cited in Ciarrochi, Chan Bajgar, 2000).Operational DefinitionThe ability aware of own and others emotion and perceive such communicatory and nonverbal emotion accurately.Managing Own EmotionConceptual DefinitionThe capacity for adaptively coping with aversive or distressing emotions by using self-regulatory strategies that rearrange the hotness or duration of such emotional starts (Saarni, 1999 as cited in Ciarrochi, Chan Bajgar, 2000).Operational DefinitionThe ability to manage and coping with own strong positive or negative emotion and restructure such emotion with stability.Managing Others EmotionConceptual DefinitionThe ability to arrange events others take pleasure in, cover negative emotions in order to avoid hurting others feelings and make others feel better when they are down (Saarni, 1999 as cited in Ciarrochi, Chan Bajgar, 2000).Operational DefinitionThe ability manip ulates and controls others emotion for installation of a harmony and joyful atmosphere.Utilization of EmotionConceptual DefinitionThe ability to used own emotion in the search of life goals and make decision based on feelings over logic (flexible planning), using emotion to facilitate different thinking (creative thinking), Interpreting strong negative emotion in a positive way (mood redirected attention) and pursuing ones goal with drive, persistence and optimism (Motivating emotion) (Sample, 2007).Operational DefinitionThe ability to use emotion to solve the daily life emotion related problems.AdolescentConceptual DefinitonIndividual who ages from range of 11 to 21 and do come to into a transition period from childhood to young adulthood. It is generally a time of self-discovery in which young people aim to define their place in the world (Ariganjoye Daigneault, 2007).Operational DefinitionMembers who ages from range of 16 or 17 and identified have a low or moderate level of EI . They participate in the study as a member for control group or treatment group.Limitation of StudyBelow are some of the limitations of study that identified by the researcherThe samples of the study are the female adolescent who ages from 16 to 17. The module that developed may not suit with the other population.The researcher unable to control the confidentiality among the sample from treatment group because they stay with the same place with the sample from control group. Perhaps if they break the confidential, some input from the psychoeducational group may receive by the sample from control group indirectly.The sample may answer SSRI without honestly and bias, this will lead to the inconsistency of the validity and reliability of the outcome.Perhaps some of the samples are not ready mentally to participate in the study or be involuntary. They may act with resistance, reluctant or absence for the group meeting, which will influence their improvement of EI development.Since the researcher is a counsellor trainer who still in supervision, perhaps the competency of researcher is limited to handle more crisis issue. cultureOverall this chapter is used to provide a general introduction for the study. The background and the problem statement of the study had been discussed. Besides, this chapter state with the objectives and hypotheses of the study. Besides, the important terms for this study had been defined. Finally, this significance and limitation of the study had been discussed.Chapter 2Literature Review2.0 IntroductionThis chapter explore the entire concept for this study in details. The key concepts for this study include psychoeducational group, module, emotional intelligence and adolescent. Besides, literature review of previous research that related with these concepts was organized to support the relationship of variable for this study.2.1 Pscyhoeducational GroupPsychoeducational group, sometimes are simply referred to as educational group or guidanc e groups, is originally developed fro the use in educational setting, specifically public schools (Galdding, 2003). The premised of psychoeducational groups is on the idea that education is treatment not only because of the knowledge acquired in the process but also because of the perception that may be changed as result (Young, 1998 as cited in Gladding).Corey Corey (2002) cited that integrated groups focus on a particular theme and are often psychoeducational in nature. Commonly in a structured group, the members are asked to complete a questionnaire at the beginning group to assess how well they are coping with the part of concern. When the groups terminates, another questionnaire is completed to assess their progress.According to Conyne (1996 as cited in Gladding, 2003), the major goal of pscyhoeducational group work is to prevent future development of debilitating dysfunctions while strengthening coping skills and self-esteem. Thus, it is suited to use in various setting such as schools, hospitals, mental health agencies, social service agencies and universities (Jones Robinson as cited in Gladding, 2003). In general, it stresses growth through knowledge (ASGW, 2000 as cited in Gladding). Besides, it increases members awareness of some life problem and the tools or skills to better cope with it (Corey Corey, 2002). Carrell (2000, as cited in Janice DeLucia-Waack, 2006) points out that psychoeducational groups emphasize on support, learning of new skills, and how to help and be helped.The general contents or themes for psychoeducational group includes, but is not limited to, personal, social, vocational and education information (Bates, Johnson Blaker, 1982 as cited in Gladding, 2003). Some authorized topics for psychoeducational groups for adolescents include loneliness, self-esteem social skills, career development, career exploration, children of divorce, grief, conflict resolution, bullying prevention, anger management, aggression, relationship s kills, communication skills, prevention of depression, family relationship, cognitive coping skills and antisocial behaviour (Janice DeLucia-Waack, 2006 ) .These groups usually process in 50 bites to 2 hours period and work best when they have a regular meeting such as once a week. The appropriate number for sessions is 8 to 10 (Gladding, 2003). To Corey and Corey (2002), the general sessions for psychoeducation group are about 2 hours for 4 to 15 weeks. However, if the group is for children or clients with a short attention span, 30 to 45 minutes session should be appropriated.Furr (2000, as cited in Gladding, 2003) introduced six-step process that essential for designing a psychoeducational groupStating the purposeEstablishing goalsSetting objectivesSelecting contentDesigning experiential activitiesEvaluatingThe activities or curriculum in these groups usually take in nonthreatening exercises or group discussion forms but it may present in variety forms actually (Bates, Johnson Blaker, 1982 as cited in Gladding, 2003). Certain technological application such as computer-assisted programs, video or audio recording transmission and computerized simulations take a role in the group to develop the members growth through knowledge in indirect way (Bowman Bowman, 1998 as cited in Gladding).According to Shechtman, Bar-EI and Hadar (1997 as cited in Janice DeLucia-Waack, 2006), adolescents able to take many advantages through group because they have a chance to relate to each other learn the life skills. Besides, they may practice the behaviours that generalized from the group into real-life situations. From the group, multiple feedbacks are received and through helping each others, their self-esteem may be increased.Psychoeducational groups are commonly utilized in school setting, for prevention purposes for students at risk (Vera Reese, 2000 as cited in Janice DeLucia-Waack, 2006). Psychoeducational group approach assist group members in communion and deve loping coping skills and behaviours and apply such skills in dealing with new or difficult situation (Dagley, Gazda, Eppiger Stewart, 1994 Hoag Burlingame, 1998 as cited in Janice DeLucia-Waack, 2006).Through psychoeducational intervention, adolescents learn the improved way of functioning. They will expose with new cognitive concepts, ideas and exploration of their issues. The adaptive behaviours will be explored, discussed and practices for transfer to school and home. From the healing interaction of the group experience, their self-esteem, efficacy, and emotional satisfaction will be improved (Smead, 2002 as cited in Janice DeLucia-Waack, 2006 ).2.2 ModuleSidek Mohd Noah and Jamaludin Ahmad (2005) defined module as a unit of teaching and learning that discuss with certain topic, in a systematic and subsequent way. It helps the student able to learn alone and master the learning unit in an easy and accurate way.Module can be used in the non-academic setting such as the activit ies that related with self-growth, adventure and interaction. Thus, module suits to apply for individual or group in academic or non-academic form with the purpose to lead them for change in a positive direction (Rusell, 1974 as cited in Sidek Mohd Noah and Jamaludin Ahmad, 2005).According to Sulaiman Yasin, Saidin The Asma Ahmad (1986, as cited in Sidek Mohd Noah and Jamaludin Ahmad, 2005), the role of module is to assist someone to gain knowledge, awareness and adeptness which will lead to the improvement of management ability to achieve the objective that fixed by an organization. Thus, in this study, the module had been developed and be used in the psychoeducation group to assist the group members to gain knowledge, awareness and practice the skills that related with EI, with the goal of increase their EI level.The modules are important in this study because each module has the specific objective. When the members aware of the objective during the beginning of the session, such situation able to drive them to participate in the activity actively to achieve the goal. Besides, the modules that developed consists with assessment elements which will enable the member to receive and provide feedback that related with their doing and understanding of the activities that they participated (Shaharom Noordin Yap Kueh Chin, 1991 as cited in Sidek Mohd Noah and Jamaludin Ahmad, 2005).Jamalidin Ahmad (2002, as cited in Sidek Mohd Noah and Jamaludin Ahmad, 2005) categorize module into four types with according to their purpose. They are teaching module, motivation module, training module and academic module. Teaching module is used in school setting, with the purpose to provide guidance for students to study alone. To develop the student motivation, motivation module is used by teacher, facilitator or moderator in variety form such as acitivities, trainings and games. Academic module is prepared by universities or colleges lecturers that complete with lecture notes and is provide to their students. Training module is a module in training form with strive for improve the worker performance in certain organization.The chart downstairs illustrates the process to create a module.Set the objectiveNeeds of researchIdentify theory, rational, philosophy, concepts, target and time period.Target creation pick out the contents flux draft of moduleAssess validity and reliabilityComplete DraftModule ProducedChoose strategicsAssess effectivenessCombine draft of moduleChoose logisticCombine draft of moduleQuality moduleChoose MediaReevaluateComplete module and able to be usedNote conformation I, Draft Module PreparationPahse II, Test and Evaluate ModuleFigure 2 Model Module Creation SidekSource Sidek Mohd Noah Jamaludin Ahmad (2006). Pembinaan Modul Bagaimana membina Modul Latihan dan Modul Akademik. Serdang Universiti Putra Malaysia.Sidek Mohd Noah introduced a module that is more comprehensive for module creation at 2001 (Sidek Mohd Noah Jamaluding Ahma d, 2005). This model has two phases. Phases one involves the steps to create draft for module, whereas phase two is a level to test and evaluate the module. The validity and reliability of the modules are assessed in this phase. Only the module with appropriate value of validity and reliability will be used. For in stance, of the value is inappropriate, the module need to modify and rebuilt until the appropriate value of validity and reliability been achieved.2.3 Emotional Intelligence (EI)Mayer (2001) in his article A Field Guide to Emotional Intelligence proposed a fivefold division of years to explain the overview of the emergence of EI concepts. From 1990 to 1969, the psychological study of intelligence and emotion were separate. During the period of 1970 to 1989, psychologists focus on the study of how emotions and thought influenced each other. At 1990, the term of emotional intelligence first introduces by Mayer and Salovey and leads to emerge the EI as a topic to study.When come to 1994 to 1997, the concept of EI was popularized by Goleman and his book Emotional Intelligence become a worldwide best-seller and was widely copied. From 1998 until present, a numbers of refinements of the concept of EI take place and a new measure of the concept of EI had been introduced as well. Now, EI become a popular topic for the scientific research.There are variety definitions for EI. According Mayer (2001), recently two lines of definition had emerged. front line consists of the original approach that defined EI as an intelligence involving emotion. For the second lines, the definition is mixed approaches that blended with other skills and characteristic such as well-being, motivation, and capacities to soak up in relationship.Mayer, Caruso and Mayer (1999 as cited in Mayer, 2001) proposed the ability theory and divides EI into four brunches ability at emotional perception, the ability to use emotions to facilitate thought, understanding emotions and managing emot ion. For mixed definition, Bar-on (1997 as cited in Mayer, 2001) view EI as noncognitive competencies and categorized as intreapersonal, interpersonal, adaptability, stress management and general mood. Goleman (1998 as cited in Mayer, 2001) used the mixed definition as well. He proposed five-part elaboration of EI self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy and social skills.The most common mental illness that relate with EI is Alexithymia. For people who suffer with Alexithymia, they suffer with the difficulty identifying feelings and distinguishing between feeling and the bodily sensations of emotional arousal. Besides, it is hard for them to describe feeling to others and have a poor fantasy life. They also have a cognitive style that is literal and focuses on the minute details of external events. High alexithymia individuals are identify to have a low EI because they unable to use emotions as information about their internal or external worlds and do not feel good abou t themselves (Taylor, 2001).Bar-on (2001) proposed four themes to define self-actualization the ability and drive to set and achieve goals, being committed to and involved with our interests, actualizing our potential and enriching our life. His findings strongly suggest that the EI factors and facilitators such as happiness, optimism, self-regard, independence, problem-solving, social responsibility, assertiveness and emotional self-awareness are best predictors of self-actualization. He mentioned that the person who has high IQ does not guarantee that they will actualize their potential because his study showed that even EI individuals with average or even below-average cognitive capacity are able to actualize their potential in life.Empathy is one of the five domains of EI that proposed by Goleman (1995), which defined as ability recognizing emotions in others and the ability that built on emotional self-awareness and it serve as the extreme people skills. Empathic accuracy is a measure of the ability to accurately infer the specific content of reading peoples thoughts and feelings (Ickes, 1997 as cited in Flury Ickes, 2001). These aspects are closely related with friendship and dating relationship (Flury Ickes, 2001).Ick

Study on the Industrial Abandoned Lands

Study on the Industrial Abandoned LandsIndustrial abandoned lands, ruins, eyeores, voids, derelict, urban deserts, at rest(predicate) zones, silent spaces, landscapes of contempt, and squats argon just a few of the words that have been used to figure come to the fore the fragments of transformation within our urban spaces. They are toll that refer to spaces such as post-industrial landscapes, abandoned environments, and empty spaces in the peripheral parts of a city. Linked to the processes of decay, the terms similarly refer to the cultural information and hearty of our city spaces, their loss and ruin. By virtue of their neglect, ruinous state, and marginal place in the urban landscape, recent architectural and urban planning parley has defined these spaces as contingent, interstitial, and spaces of indeterminacy. Throughout the second half of the twentieth century, many cities have witnessed the unused of signifi stomacht industrial landscapes and their eventual abandonment. Urban societies, cultural and architectural history, these landscapes of indeterminacy remain a part of the urban palimpsest. Using the metaphor of city as palimpsest and extending the nonion of indeterminate spaces. It is explored the nature of contemporary city phenomena in relation to the transformation of abandoned urban spaces.Since the f each of the Nazis colonization, Oswiecim has struggled with using former factories. Under Communist force, the citys main employer, who a chemical worker, failed to develop continue with new technology, and since 1989 over 10,000 work places have been lost at the plant. With seemingly no another(prenominal) choice to cultivating a grizzly tourist trade, Oswiecim is finding its past increasingly difficult to escape. In other words, Oswiecim is urban decay city falls into irrecoverable and aged, with falling population or changing population, economic restructuring, abandoned buildings, higher(prenominal) local unemployment, separated fami lies, and inhospitable city landscape where whole city area as fragments which is contained city memories and space qualities.trauma and discontinuity are fundamental for retentiveness and history, ruins have come to be necessary for linking creativity to the experience of loss at the individual and collective level. Ruins operate as powerful metaphors for absence or rejection, and hence, as incentives for reflection or restoration.3DecayIndustrial ruins are an intersection of the visible and the invisible, for the people who managed them, worked in them, and inhabited them are not there. And yet their absence manifests itself as a presence through the shreds and silent things that remain, in the objects we half recognize or surround with imaginings. In ruins we can identify that which appeared to be not there, a host of signs and traces which let us know that a haunting is taking place. The ghosts of ruins do not creep out of shady places unannounced, as they do in highly regula ted urban spaces, but are abundant in the signs which haunt the pre direct in such a way as to suddenly animate the past. Rather than being exorcised through redevelopment, these ghosts are able to haunt us because they are part of an unfinished disposal of spaces and matter, identified as rubbish but not yet cleared. Such things suddenly become animated, when the over and done with comes alive the things you partly recognize or have hear about provoke familiar feelings, an imaginative and empathetic recouping of the characters, forms of communication, and activities of factory space. In these haunted peripheries, ghosts rarely provoke memories of the epochal and the iconic but recollect the telluric passage of everyday factory life.The past isnt dead. It isnt even past.4The decay resides at the conceptual intersection of the individual parts of the analogy that zone created by the superimposition and superposition of essentially translucent entities. The active light of interpret ation shines through these layers, as it were, illuminating significant shapes and figures. Meaning actively happens here it is constructed as images overlap separately other, aligning themselves momentarily, and then shifting slightly, encouraging reevaluation and reinterpretation. As a layered figure of depth in architecture, complexity occurs in both plan and section. As a site, the zone of heart in the analogical system is often ambiguous. Yet, also as a site, this area has boundaries or, rather, a set largely unquantifiable of all available meanings, which is different than a boundless field of all-inclusiveness or unregulated interpretations.Trace and Time Layers with Derridas TheoryThe resonance of a knock on a door uncovers its density. The tactile of a wall describes its materiality. The texture of a floor may invite us to sit or lay d induce. The smoothness of a handrail comforts our ascent. Human skin is a powerful material that enables us to perceive and understand o ur surroundings. Skin is highly expressive base on its color, texture, wear and plasticity we can read it, gathering information concerning culture, ethnic background, age, abuse, health and the tasks it performs on special(prenominal) body parts. Skin itself reads as it is readable. Our skin can gather data through tactile perception and read our spatial surroundings. Architecture is an expressive act and the only discipline that stimulates all of our senses. An architect designs spaces that foretell and celebrate the bodily interaction of the inhabitant.According to Derrida, phenomenology is metaphysics of presence because it unwittingly relies upon the notion of an indivisible self-presence, or in the case of Husserl, the possibility of an exact internal sufficiency with oneself. In various texts, Derrida contests this valorisation of an undivided subjectivity, as well as the primacy that such a position accords to the now, or to some other kind of temporal immediacy. For ins tance, in Speech and Phenomena, Derrida argues that if a now moment is conceived of as exhausting itself in that experience, it could not actually be experienced, for there would be nothing to juxtapose itself against in order to illuminate that very now. Instead, Derrida wants to reveal that every so-called present, or now point, is al shipway already compromised by a trace, or a oddment of a previous experience, that precludes us ever being in a self-contained now moment.MemoryWhenever I distrust my entrepot, writes Freud in a punctuate of 1925. I can resort to pen and paper. Pater then becomes an external part of my retentivity and retains something which I would otherwise carry about with me invisibly. When I write on a sheet of paper, I am sure that I have an enduring remembrance, safe from the possible distortions to which it might have been subjected in my actual memory. The prejudice is that I cannot undo my note when it is no longer needed and that the page becomes ful l. The writing surface is used up. Memory-autobiographical and collective, each entire to the other-exists as the foundation upon which meaning is built. Memory affords our connection to the orbit. Every aspect of experience becomes enveloped in the process of memory. It forms our identity as individuals and it coheres individuals together to form the identity of social groups. Memory is also the thread which links the lived-in now with the past and the future what I remember of my past contributes to who I am now (at this very moment) and in many ways affects what I will do in the future. Without memory, meaning building cannot happen.5Memory of architecture, therefore, seems to depend more on our ability to perceive the embodied situation. Moreover those situations are subject to particular catalytic moments in time-those instances in which the energies of both the container and the contained become virtually indistinguishable. The timing of those moments is uneven, poetic, and anisotropic. It would be impossible for the constituent elements of a place memory to sustain a constant equilibrium or frequency of resonance in time. It needs to be emphasised that remembering is a thoroughly social and political process, a realm of contestation and controversy. The past is constantly selected, filtered and restructured in terms set by the questions and necessities of the present. Memories are selected and interpreted on the basis of culturally located knowledge and this is further constituted and stabilised within a network of social relationships, consolidated in the common sense of the everyday. Although practices of inscribing memory on space are enormously varied, there are undoubtedly tendencies to fix authoritative meanings about the past through an ensemble of practices and technologies which centre upon the production of specific spaces, here identified as monumental memory-scapes, heritage districts, and museums. It is within the contingent spaces of the city where ephemeral gestures resonate, drawing our attention to the residue of the past, enticing us to rediscover their temporal value. And for me at least, ruins, like palimpsests, are traces by which we discover our urban history, and the soul of a space.As all historical narratives are subjectively interweave Tapestries of pieced historical facts and events, new Histories often reveal striking discrepancies in the linear conventions of previously inscribed histories. The intention here is to piece together discrepant supposed notions, to produce an archaeological investigation, which is consistent with the theoretical and ideological approach of Aldo Rossi.The most evocative works of Aldo Rossi are exemplary of the process of building meaning as we engage memory in our everyday experiences, thinking analogically and understanding the world tacitly by doing and making. Whether stated explicitly or not, Rossi must have feel the necessity to temper his early polemics about a t heory of design with a commitment to architecture of intense poetry, of non-quantifiable artistry, and an architecture conscious of its autobiographical significance. fundamental the rationalist tendencies of Rossis theoretical ork is a deeply felt reverence for the power of memory, both his own as well as the collective memory of a particular culture or society that is embodied in key architectural types. And the force of memory permeates his entire oeuvre to such an extent that it is or so pathological, or cultish, or verging on nostalgia, to say the least. For Rossi, the process of memory analogically suggests the evolution and morphology of the physical form of the city and a formal language based on a typology of architecture and, as a matter of necessity, the repetitive, obsessive, and dynamic nature of his own creative practice. However, Rossis poetic was not as self-absorbed as it may seem-or, at least, it was not ultimately meant to turn in on itself in the creation of a restrictive, self-indulgent reverie. He expected his obsession with memory to translate into his buildings in such a way that it would invigorate architecture with a new liberty, a freedom of experience and meaning similar to so many of those buildings he had discovered and cited in his early treatise, The Architecture of the City the Palazzo della Ragione in Padua, the Roman amphitheater-turned-market square in Lucca, the tiny fishing huts along the Po River valley-buildings that, while displaying characteristics of specific types, transcended the program of those types by accommodating changing activities and uses. By analogically relating the transposition of architectural types with the process of memory, Rossi was privileging meaning building with his architecture as an integral part of the built environment, especially as it governed the evolution of cities.It is how Rossi engaged the profound memories of his past. It is how he anticipated people would live with and within his buildings, seeing in those forms their own memories of an architectural past, encouraging them to reactivate those connections, those relationships in his buildings. The emergence of relations among things, more than the things themselves, always gives rise to new meanings, wrote Rossi. Perhaps, like this Confront the built form-it reminds you of other buildings and other experiences you have had before-this new building feels familiar and established in your understanding of the given-yet, you experience this building as something different, its meaning has changed from what you thought it should be because of the change in how you use the architecture-the given is expanded, enriched with new meaning meaning building. It is how Rossi practiced architecture-by working analogically from drawings to buildings to writings, discovering relationships, exploring the space where meaning happens, in between those things which can be explicitly articulated, plain expressed.Samplingto make m usic, people need sounds and when people cant make them yourself you find them somewhere else in appearance there is nothing more simple.The taste-tester is an electronic memory that is virtually infinite, which enables sounds to be stored, from a single note to a symphony. This fund constitutes a sort of personal library, where works are cut back to an anthology of chosen pieces drawn flora the vast reservoir of musical culture. The work ceases to function as a closed opus or a blood line and becomes a sum of harmonies and pre existing sounds. The sampler is consequently the centre of sound memory, a centre where all metamorphoses are possible. It is an abstract place where all the sounds of the world are classified and subjected to changes. This tool simplifies the work of the DJ, who then needs only to physically manipulate the vinyl records in order to modify sounds, slowing them down, warping them or passing them into a loop. These manipulations are necessary to the constr uction of a durable rhythm by the mixing of short breaks. The re-appropriation of knowledge has always been pre sent in human activity, in different forms, but the advent of the sampler has upset the pre existing metaphysical relationship between creation and memory. Indeed, by faithfully retrieving recorded pieces ready to be recombined, the memory no longer works as a catalyst. The combined effect of the dormant memory/recall binomial implements internal re-composition, a metabolism that plays on memory by default. But the sampler, on the contrary, pushes the process of fabrication to the surface, turning it into a conscious act, like collage, thus relating it to an aesthetic of superposition, medley and fusion.ReferencesLeatherbarrow. D, Mostafavi. M, Surface ArchitectureSkin+Bones Parallel Practieces in Fashion and Architecture, Thames Hudson, London, 2007McLuhan. M, Understanding Media The Extensions of Man, 2002Bru E, New Territories New Landscapes, ACTAR, 1997Herausgeber, Atlas of Shrinking Cities, HATJE CANTZ, 2004Juhani. P, The eyes of the skin architecture and the senses, LondonAcademy Editions,1996Morphosis, Architecture and Urbanism, A+U, 1994This quote was taken from Walter Benjamins Paris Capital of the Nineteenth Century, cited in Sexuality and Space, ed. Beatrize Colomina (New York Princeton Architectural Press, 1992) 74.Matthew Goulash, 39 Micro Lectures in Proximity of Performance (London and New York Routledge, 2000) 190.Salvator Settis, forward, Irresistable Decay Ruins Reclaimed, by Michael S. Roth (Los Angeles, CA The Getty Research Institute for the History of Art and the Humanities, 1997) vii.William Faulknermaking meaning out of the memory of architecture

Globalisation, Organisational Behaviour And Organisational Development

Globalisation, Organisational Behaviour And Organisational DevelopmentThe in advance(p) world is smaller yet world(prenominal) market that undergoes rapid change. Today, we be confronted with the scenario of a changing workforce that is multicultural and diverse in beliefs, ethnicities and doingss. For instance, in the United States one-quarter of the Ameri piece of ass workforce is represented by minorities with this figure expected to grow in the future. Also, women account for fifty percent of the paying(a) workforce in the United States.This miscellany presents system of ruless with both opportunities and unique challenges. A diverse workforce in a global market is great advantage, but while the benefits ar obvious, there are similarly various issues that diversity throws up, these issues need attention for work to take place in peaceful and efficient manner.In this modern world that has been shrunk through transport and communication it is paramount for work teams to consist of employees with different traits and doingss. It is the job of a manager to effectively manage these varied singulars and mould the behaviours to receive about harmony and benefit the organisation keeping in mind the companys core values and business aims.Organisational Behaviour is defined as, Actions and attitudes of individuals and groups toward one another and towards the organization as a whole, and its effect on the organizations functioning and carrying into comportion.While Organisational Development is stated to be, Theory and practice of planned systematic change in the attitudes, beliefs, and values of the employees through creation and support of long training programs. Its objective is to enable the organization in adopting-better to the fast-changing external environment of novel markets, regulations, and technologies.Both Organisational Behaviour and Development are interwoven and their concepts are open(a) of acting mutually. Some of the areas wher e they are used together could be in trust building exercises, team-work strategies, critical listening, cultural exchange and alike behaviour modification.What is behavioral Modification?All organisations are set up with particular core goals and aims in mind. Various resources including money, machines and manpower are utilised to achieve these goals. Modern businesses lots refer to their Human Resources (manpower) as their biggest and most important asset and it is widely understood that this single resource plays a vital and irreplaceable role in the attainment of success and the achievement of an organisations objectives. Thus, gentlemans gentleman behaviour at work plays an essential role in the smooth functioning of day to day activities as well the targeted long term goals. It is essential for a manager to posses the skills to identify and predict un in demand(p) behaviour and bring about required changes in mold to make human behaviour at work productive and supportive to the organisations goals.In business language the art of modifying and moulding human behaviour is cognise as behavioural modification. It is a conscious effort on behalf of a supervisor or manager to reinforce each successive step that moves an individual towards or away from a desired or undesired behaviour in the work environment.Behavioural modification is rooted to the fact that behaviour depends on essence and is concerned with inducing new behavioural patterns in an individual that would benefit the organisation.What is Reinforcement?Reinforcement is a term that is heard often when discussing behaviour modification and is essential to conditioning. In such a context it refers to anything an individual might find honouring. Reinforcement is related to the psychological process of motivation and is environmentally based. Reinforcers are external environmental events that follow a desired behaviour. Reinforcement could be either lordly or ostracize and is likely to stren gthen the rejoinder and increase the probability of repetition.Burrhus Frederic Skinner and his contribution to the field of Behavioural ModificationB.F. Skinner, an American psychologist and professor at Harvard University is considered to be one of the pioneers of behavioural modification. Most modern day behavioural modification concepts are a result of Skinners work and his most renowned theory is the Reinforcement Theory.Skinners theory is based on the right of Effect which states that an individual is mellowedly likely to repeat behaviour when followed by favourable consequences (reinforcement) and tends not to repeat a particular behaviour when it is followed by an admonitory consequence.The Reinforcement TheoryProfessor B.F. Skinner articulated the major theoretical constructs of the Reinforcement Theory. Skinner was of the opinion that internal requirements and drive of an individual are inconsequential and that individuals can be taught to exhibit behaviours based on events that follow the behaviour.The theory focuses on overriding unwanted behaviour and influencing required behaviour aided by the use of rewards and punishment that are dealt out as a consequence of the behaviour. This method of behaviour change is commonly known as operant conditioning. there are two essential prerequisites for the effective application of the Reinforcement Theory in real biography scenarios, they can be found below.Managers must be able to find a consequence that is strong enough to have an impact on the targeted employee.Managers must be able administer a consequence in such a manner that it is easy for the employee to understand the relation between the behaviour that is targeted for change and the resulting consequence.According to the theory managers must know if they are required to increase or decrease the probability of an event. Once this has been decided a manager must then determine if the use of a positive or negative consequence is appropriate. Fi nally, a manager must consider if it is correct to apply or withhold the consequence to gain a desired behavioural change. The answer to these dilemmas is answered through four unique alternative consequences despotic Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, penalisation and defunctness. They have been explained in greater detail belowPositive ReinforcementPositive reinforcement encourages behaviour by following a response with a favourable consequence. An employee who receives recognition or any other reward is likely to repeat the behaviour. It is advisable for forethought to have a dedicated program for positive reinforcement as it has been documented to increase job performance and satisfactionNegative ReinforcementNegative Reinforcement is often confused with punishment. While punishment is aimed at decreasing the probability of an undesirable act, negative reinforcement is the termination or withdrawal of an unpleasant consequence following a desired behaviour. Negative rein forcement strengthens and increases the repetition of the behaviour.PunishmentThe use of punishment as a managerial strategy is becoming more common. It is applied by confronting an undesired behaviour with an unwanted or uncomfortable consequence and it is meant to discourage repetition of the behaviour in question. Punishment discourages certain behaviour but does no have a direct impact on enforcing a positive behaviour either. Punishment has the potential to sour work relationships and thus must be used with caution after evaluation of all relevant aspects of the situation.ExtinctionExtinction is the act of withholding positive reinforcement with the aim of decline and eventual cessation of an unwanted behaviour. Extinction is equally capable of ending good/ unimpeachable behaviour as well if the manager unknowingly fails to recognise an employees contribution over time. The most common example of unwanted extermination is when an employees suggestions and inputs are handle by a superior, it often leads to the employee holding back his/her opinions in the future and the chance that a helpful input will never see the pass of day increases.Something WantedSomething UnwantedSomething Givenis a reward and a positive reinforcementis punishmentSomething Deniedis punishmentis a reward and a negative reinforcementReinforcement SchedulesThe timing of reinforcement is paramount to its success, in professional and academic circles the timing of reinforcement is referred to as reinforcement scheduling. In real life work settings it is next to impossible to continually reinforce desired behaviour.Since continuous reinforcement is not practically viable, reinforcement is commonly run according to an sporadic schedule. C.B. Ferster along with B.F. Skinner developed an intermittent system with the following four schedules1) persistent Interval A reinforcer is applied after the passage of a certain limit of time post the travel byrence of the desired behaviour.e.g. A manager praises individuals in his team only once a week at the Monday morning meeting. In this case the interval is one week and the employee receives recognition for any amount of work done in that specific seven day span.2) Variable Interval A reinforcer is applied at a random stage with no identifiable or definite period of time.e.g. The management team promotes an employee to position of higher authority after an eight month period after recognising his contribution and consistent performance over an unrelated period of time.3) Fixed Ratio A reinforcer is applied only after a fixed number of desired events have passed.e.g. A gross revenue administrator receiving a bonus after hes achieved a certain targeted number of sales4) Variable Ratio A reinforcer is applied only after a certain number of desired results, however, the number of desired results changes from time to time or with different situations.e.g. An employee receives time-off with pay or an awardThe above f our schedules are referred to as methods of Partial Reinforcement, where responses are reinforced only part of the time.Reinforcement schedules and their effects on behaviour are explained further with the table below.Scheduleverbal descriptionWhen applied to IndividualWhen Removed by ManagerOrganizational ExampleContinuous ReinforcementReinforcer follows every responseFast method for establishing new behaviourFaster method to cause extinction of new behaviourPraise and recognition immediate to every responsePartial ReinforcementFixed IntervalResponse after specific time period is reinforcedSome inconsistency in response frequenciesFaster extinction of motivated behaviour than variable schedulesDaily, weekly or monthly pay checkVariable IntervalResponse after varying period of time (an average) is reinforcedProduces high rate of steady responsesSlower extinction of motivated behaviour than fixed schedulesPromotion, Recognition, TransferFixed RatioA fixed number of responses must occ ur before reinforcementSome inconsistency in response frequenciesFaster extinction of motivated behaviour than variable schedulesPiece rate, Commission on salesVariable RatioA varying number (average) of responses must occur before reinforcementCan produce high rate of responses that is steady and resists extinctionSlower extinction of motivated behaviour than fixed schedulesAwards, Bonus, Time-offSource (Table) O.Behling, C.Schriesheim and J.Tolliver Present Theories and New Directions in Theories of Work Effort Journal of Supplement Abstract improvement of the American Psychological Association 1974A run of the mill behavioural modification technique consists of the following four stepsStating the desired behaviour as objectively as possibleMeasuring the current incidence of desired behaviourProviding the correct consequence to reinforce the desired behaviourMaintain a systematic assessment of behavioural change post the behavioural modification programWhile the Reinforcement Theory is often criticised, the insights the theory provides into individual teaching and motivation will always be of importance.Criticisms Limitations of Reinforcement TheoryThere are many criticisms levelled against the Reinforcement Theory, the strongest accusing the system of sweep throughly ignoring cognition amongst human beings. It has been argued that a purely theoretical approach fails to address the impact that any alternate motivations might have on human behaviour. The Reinforcement Theory also fails to explain altruism (selfless deeds) whose sole aim is to help another person.Looking past these criticisms the Reinforcement Theory does still have further limitations in practice, a few which are listed below.Limitations of the Reinforcement Theory1) Reward and punishment are bound to alter from person to person based on personal preferences and also based on the circumstances under which they are dealt out. Rewards might vary in their attractiveness from one employee to the next and likewise punishment too can have a range of reactions from rage to total indifference.2) Managers are often confronted with situations that require them to re-think their reward and punishment strategy as it is quite common for reinforcers to recur their value/effect as time goes by. Human nature, be it a child or grown professional causes us to lose interest or become oblivious to receiving rewards and reprimands once they are seen as a norm. Just like a child loses interest in candy as a reward, a professional isnt always driven by just the promise of a bonus or a few extra days of paid leave and can often be seen to expect it as part of normal procedure and not an incentive.3) It is difficult for the manager to be in complete control of all sources of reinforcement. It is very common for an employees peer group to be a stronger reinforcer than any kind of punishment.4) The system of rewards does not always bring about an internal change, the desired change is jus t a response to the reward offered. Once the reward is withdrawn, the likelihood of the employee reverting to old behavioural patterns is high.5) Punishment is not always easy to deliver. It is an instrument that must be used with care. Punishment must be consistent and unavoidable, it must follow the undesired act closely (i.e. it must be immediate) and must also be firm.6) Punishment can lead to anger, fear and a range of other negative emotions that are undesirable at work. These emotions will be associated with the manager or superior who inflicts punishment.ConclusionA

The Maturation of Bayard in Faulkner’s The Unvanquished Essay -- Faulk

The Maturation of Bayard in Faulkners The UnvanquishedWilliam Faulkner tells his novel The Unvanquished through the eyes and ears of Bayard, the word of honor of Confederate Colonel John Sartoris. The authors use of a young boy during such a turbulent time in American muniment allows him to relate events from a unique perspective. Bayard holds dual functions at heart the novel, as both a character and a narrator. The character of Bayard matures into a young adult within the work, while narrator Bayard relays the events of the story many years later. Several details within the work clue the reader to Bayards actual maturity. Diction from the inception chapter provides immediate clues. Although only twelve, the descriptions of Bayards mock-battlefield contain vocabulary far beyond his years (recalcitrance, topography, recapitulant) (p. 3-4), and Bayard admits his earlier shortcoming with words I was just twelve hence I didnt know triumph I didnt even know the word (p. 5). If the y oung boy did not know triumph, he close to likely had not learned multi-syllabic words with etymological roo...

The Influence of Media in Brazilian Families Essay -- Television, Tele

This essay explores the representational meanings in my collage work Media and Me. This work, which the main theme is the Television, was crafted in two segments which is reflected on the structure of this essay. In the first part I address to the influences of television system in my homeland, brazil, through family representation in Telenovelas. The essay will examine how this influence might be linked to cultural changes in the structure and identity of Brazilian families, including mine. The other part of the collage explores the use of internet to access television and how it is affecting the television industry. I will therefore, go through some of the technological, cultural and economic effects caused by, highlighting the struggle of broadcasters with online competition and user-generated content (UGC).The influence that telenovelas in Brazil impose on national identity over the years might be linked to profound cultural changes (Porto, 2010) and also linked to my family and myself. This is because of the everyday battlefront of this genre in the lives of most inhabitants of this country and the portraying of their culture and, in conjunction with other social factors, could have lead to those changes. The images of families on the collage identifies unitary instance, due in part to this influence, how the standard family size abruptly shrinks in the last four decades (Gorney, 2010). The pictures of novelas showing a large number of family members coincide to those of my parents and grandparents, and course to the ones below of smaller families and my own. More specifically, for instance, my paternal grandfather had eighteen siblings while the one sister. What now is called the modern Brazilian family might be linked to the ... ... of the series Family Guy broadcasted accessible to USA audience only on the 20 november 2011 by Fox Network was already available for viewing on the side by side(p) day at the Megavideo website. While in the UK, BB C Three is still exhibiting last years season. I have used pictures of programs I watch through this and other link websites. This essay covered different aspects of Television represented in my collage its role in the family identity and structure, and as an industry struggling to survive the upcoming technology. Through this art composition, I tried to represent the conception of media illustrating Television as a medium technology but also as part of a cultural, social and economic sphere. Moreover, I explored how it affects me by connecting those aspects covered with my own experiences, being them with my family or in the new ways I use this medium.

Pitiful Human Condition Exposed in Endgame, Dumbwaiter, and The Horse D

The Pitiful Human Condition Exposed in Endgame, Dumbwaiter, and The clam Dealers Daughter The three stories, The Endgame (Beckett), The Dumbwaiter (Pinter), and The Horse Dealers Daughter (Lawrence) all deal with the themes of repression, repetition, and breakdowns in communication. The stories show us the subjectivity of language and exemplify the complexities of the human condition. Samuel Beckett arrived on earth in Ireland on well behaved Friday, April 13, 1906. He then spent the rest of his life wanting to be somewhere else. Becketts life was one of silence, solitude, and depression. He felt he did not depart in this world and he was disenchanted with societal convention and the hum-drum existence that was everyday life. He lived in Paris for awhile and became good friends with James Joyce, another(prenominal) Irish writer disenchanted with conventional ways of life. Becketts works reflect his complex views of language, silence, and the ineffectual capacity o f both to convey human thought. In Becketts ideology, wrangle is useless and he creates a mythical universe commonwealthd by lonely creatures who struggle vainly to express the inexpressible. His characters exist in a nasty dreamlike vacuum, overcome by an overwhelming sense of bewilderment and grief, grotesquely attempting some form of communication, then crawling on, endlessly. Becketts short story, The Endgame, is about four people in an underground room waiting for death. The end of the world has apparently happened and they have survived in what is presumed to be a bomb shelter. Two of the characters live in trash cans. These two characters are the parents of our main character, Hamm, who is himself confined to a whe... ...he unconscious is the soul and all action should be from instinct. That is a scary thought works Cited Beckett, Samuel. The Endgame, (online) http//samuel-beckett.net Pinter, Harold. The Dumb Waiter, The Caretaker and The Dumb Waiter, Grove Press, Inc., New York, 1965 Lawrence, D.H. The Horse Dealers Daughter, (online) Samuel Beckett, (online) http//www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/clsc7.htm Harold Pinter, (online) http//www.imagi-nation.com/moonstruck/clsc28.html Cliff Notes. Harold Pinter - The Dumb Waiter(online) Prentice Hall, (online) http//wps.prenhall.com/hss_guth_disclit_3/0,5308,342140-,00.html Nigel Harrison, Eastwood and D H Lawrence, (online) http//ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/nigel_h/dhl.htm Randall Albright, The Horse Dealers Daughter, (online) http//clik.to/rananim/

The Fool in William Shakespeares As You Like It Essay -- William Shak

The Fool in William Shakespe bes As You Like ItThe fool is one of the first character archetypes that any student of belles-lettres learns how to analyze. Despite his seemingly light or even pointless chatter, the fool usually manages to say some fairly important things. Upon further study, the student may perceive that it is because of his penchant for silliness that the fool is given leave to express even offensive truths about the other characters. What happens, though, when one fool encounters another? Fools are not used to being subject to one anothers wit this experience of being held up to a sort of mirror is largely reserved for the characters who must undergo some change to further the plot. banner and Jaques manage to break that rule, and merely by coexisting seem to compete. Both rifle up to some part of our expectation of the fool, and neither manages to fill the role entirely. Which one comes closer is a matter worthy of some debate. In her book The Foo l His Social and Literary History, Enid Welsford devotes a chapter to The Court-Fool in Elizabethan Drama and briefly discusses As You Like It specifically. She at one point describes fools as being partly within and partly outside the action of the drama. (244). This idea is applicable to Touchstone and Jaques, but in a slightly different agency than she intended it. She was describing characters placed by circumstance in that liminal state--characters with no desire to move to either side of their middle ground. Also, she describes the differences between Touchstone and Jaques, both in appearance and attitude. Most importantly, she mentions that Touchstone exposes affectation but he is capable ofcriticism, and his judgments are r... ... encroaching on his territory. Jaques is a sort-of fool in a sort-of court, but Touchstones presence brings in a glimmer of the rest of the worlda real fool from a real courtthat shatters Jaques forwards he ever has a chance to throw a sin gle stone at Touchstone. Jaques attempts to find a place for himself, then, simply read as a strange, lost man making faces in a glass. There is no way that Jaques can surpass Touchstones inherent liminalitywhere Touchstone slips seamlessly from one world to the next, in and out of the action, Jaques just hops jerkily back and forth like someone walking on hot coals. He never lands in any one place long enough to really establish himself. It is for this reason that Touchstone fills every facet of the fools role more ably than Jaques, up until the bitter end when Jaques takes the traditional fools ending and stands alone.

Essay --

Electrical stimulation (ES) therapy involves the transfer of electrical current across outrage tissue through the two electrodes and uses three types of currents AC, DC and quiver DC. According to various studies, electrical stimulation therapy has shown to reduce inflammation, edema, improve wound appearance, cause a faster reduction in wound size by helping to kick start the wound healing process and is cost effective for many uncomplainings. It has generated a positive impact on patients comfort and convenience. Electrical stimulation therapy has provided numerous beneficial effects in wound healing demonstrated by various studies, however further explore trials are needed in lodge to prove the effectiveness and benefits of electrical stimulation therapy as it relates to wound healing (Cutting, 2006). Background The clinical application of ES can be dated as far back as 1812 when Hartshorne used electricity to promote bone healing in a patient suffering a tibial nonunion, la ter described in an 1841 publication (Wienke & Dayton, 2011). Research stayed in focus with bone stimulation via ES therapy for many years leading to the US Food and Drug Administration approved labeling electromagnetic devices for treatment of nonunion and delayed union fractures. ES therapy in chronic wound healing became a major research trend in the mid 1960s with a multitude of successful clinical trials to follow (Isseroff & Dahle, 2012). Eventually ES use in treating chronic soft tissue wounds became widely accepted and in 2002 the Centers of Medicare and Medicaid Services approved ES treatment in a clinical setting for certain types of chronic wounds and pressure ulcers. Until 2003, research focus stayed with ES therapy on pressure ulcers but later ... ...rocess and is cost effective for many patients. It has alike generated a positive impact on patients comfort and convenience. Yet still, the selection of an optimal modality remains amongst the scientific and medical com munities. get ahead research and clinical trials to support these positive effects on wound healing may help generate that consensus and help ES therapy gain replete support in the US. In reviewing the above studies the evidence of the numerous beneficial effects ES therapy has are clear, however, the evidence that the lack of consensus on standardization of parameters to think over systematic protocols for its use and the lack of uniformity in reports on ES dosages, application modes and waveforms is also clear. Further research trials are needed in order to prove the effectiveness and benefits of electrical stimulation therapy as it relates to wound healing

Dual Structure in Japan :: essays papers

Dual Structure in Japan What do you understand by the term dual twist of an economy? How do you apologize the dual structure of manufacturing industry in Japan? The word dual has the meaning of double, twofold or in two parts according to The Australian Oxford Dictionary (1996). Applying the word to an economic context, I would describe the term dual structure of an economy to indicate the co-existence of two different sectors alongside each sepa rove with disparities in technology and productivity between them. Take for instance, the existence of a traditional primary sector along with a modern non-primary sector constitutes to a dual structure. Duality can exist within a particular sector of the economy. The existence of traditional subsistence husbandry alongside export agriculture among the Southeast Asian countries during colonial period is an example of duality within a sector. Minami (1994, p.239) defined dual structure to mean the existence of two apparent sector s one that has modern technology, a senior high capital-labour ratio, high labour productivity and wages, against another one, which has all the opposite characteristics. Therefore, one can infer that if large-scale industries with high capital intensity (K) were promoted at the stage in which labour supply (L) is relatively abundant then differentials in labour productivity (Y/L) and the wage rate would arise and lead to a dual structure. For Japan, three characteristics of the economy indicated the existence of a dual structure. First, the coexistence of a very low unemployment rates and keep low incomes in agricultural and small business. Second, the existence of large (industrial giants) and small scale firms within the manufacturing sector. Third, the existence of peculiar characteristics of the labour market such(prenominal) as enterprise unions, wages differentials according to the size of the firm and long term employment (Odaka, 1967 p.50). Furthermore, duality exis ted in the manufacturing sector too. In general, dual structure of the Japanese economy began before the Second World War as seen in a widening of income differential between agricultural and non-agricultural. The widening income differential was due to two main reasons. Firstly, productivity differential widen as productivity in the industrial sector incr rests faster due to relative ease in technology borrowing than productivity in agriculture. Secondly, the existence of surplus labour in traditional industries has tended to hinder increases in productivity due to throttle arable land for agriculture so the farmland area per worker increased very slightly.

Dual Structure in Japan :: essays papers

Dual Structure in Japan What do you understand by the term ternary structure of an economy? How do you explain the soprano structure of manufacturing industry in Japan? The word dual has the meaning of double, twofold or in two parts according to The Australian Oxford dictionary (1996). Applying the word to an economic context, I would describe the term dual structure of an economy to indicate the co-existence of two different sectors alongside each other with disparities in technology and productivity between them. Take for instance, the existence of a traditional primary sector along with a modern non-primary sector constitutes to a dual structure. Duality can exist within a particular sector of the economy. The existence of traditional subsistence agriculture alongside export agriculture among the sou-east Asian countries during colonial period is an example of duality within a sector. Minami (1994, p.239) defined dual structure to mean the existence of two distinct sec tors one that has modern technology, a high swell-labour ratio, high labour productivity and wages, against another one, which has all the opposite characteristics. Therefore, one can infer that if large-scale industries with high capital intensity (K) were promoted at the stage in which labour supply (L) is relatively abundant then differentials in labour productivity (Y/L) and the wage rate would rotate and lead to a dual structure. For Japan, three characteristics of the economy indicated the existence of a dual structure. First, the coexistence of a very dispirited unemployment rates and continued low incomes in agricultural and small business. Second, the existence of large (industrial giants) and small scale firms within the manufacturing sector. Third, the existence of peculiar characteristics of the labour market such as enterprise unions, wages differentials according to the size of the firm and long term employment (Odaka, 1967 p.50). Furthermore, duality existed in the manufacturing sector too. In general, dual structure of the Japanese economy began before the Second World War as seen in a widening of income differential between agricultural and non-agricultural. The widening income differential was repayable to two main reasons. Firstly, productivity differential widen as productivity in the industrial sector increases faster due to relative ease in technology borrowing than productivity in agriculture. Secondly, the existence of surplus labour in traditional industries has tended to hinder increases in productivity due to limited productive land for agriculture so the farmland area per worker increased very slightly.

Theoretical Model Of Comfort Discomfort Health And Social Care Essay

Seating COMFORT AND DISCOMFORTThe Cambridge Advanced Learner s lexicon ( 2008 ) defines entertain as a pleasant feeling of being relaxed and unloose from hurting. Hertzberg ( 1972 ) describes puff of air sufficientness as absence of edginess. The term ready cheer is typically utilise to specify the short-run issuance of a calculate the homophile total organise ( Kolich, 2008 ) . Comfort is a generic and subjective feeling that is sonorous to assess, construe, and colligate to tender-hearted physiological homeostasis and psychological well being ( Shen and Parsons, 1997 ) . Seat puff is a really subjective issue because it is the client who makes the concluding finding and client ratings argon based on their sentiments holding experienced the range ( Runkle, 1994 ) . Helander ( 2003 ) show ergonomic remains in the ordinate send offing, where good biotechnologies is a stipulation for puff. By and large, ottoman issues non under argument by research drawers ar ( De Looze et al. , 2003 ) ( 1 ) drag is a concept of a subjectively-defined personal nature ( 2 ) comfort is affected by factors of assorted nature ( physical, physiological, psychological ) and ( 3 ) comfort is a reaction to the environment. Helander and Zhang ( 1997 ) describes that there is a difference amid comfort and malaise during sitting in office chair. They discuss that comfort is much related to emotional facets like experiencing safe and luxuriousness. Discomfort is more related to physical facets like feeling agitate per whole of measurement ara and musculus hurting.2.2.1 The Theoretical simulation of Comfort and DiscomfortThe constructs of comfort and restlessness in sitting be under argument. thither is no widely accepted definition, although it is beyond difference that comfort and restlessness ar feelings or emotions that atomic number 18 subjective in nature ( De Looze et al. , 2003 ) . Seating uncomfor delayness has been examined from a figur e of incompatible positions. The job with criterion comfort in respects to coerce or whatever other factor is that, comfort is subjective and non easy to quantify. Seating uncomfortableness varies from capable to capable and depends on the pioneer at manus. Comfort, nevertheless, is a obscure construct and subjective in nature. It is by and large defined as deficiency of uncomfortableness ( Shen and Vertiz, 1997 ) . One of the definitions of comfort by Dumur et Al. ( 2004 ) is the pleasant and fulfilling feeling of being physically or mentally free from hurting and agony, or virtuallything that provides this feeling.Harmonizing to the European Union Legislation for Drivers and Promote ( Euroactiv, 2007 ) , the hebdomadal lug clip for truck ingestrs shall non transcend 56 hours. Commercial trucks are alone in that they are specifically intentional to transport heavy tonss over capacious distances. The drawn-out period of sitting overwhelms higher hazard of back jobs, numbn ess and discomfort in the natess due to excessively high line up force per social unit subject under the thighs ( Floyd and Roberts, 1958 ) . The survey by Adler et Al. ( 2006 ) shows that the driver position is non inactive and alterations over clip. Position alterations and uninterrupted gesture are schemes of the driver to avoid robotlike gist and ischaemia of tissue, which has been identified as one chief ground for uncomfortableness. Discomfort feelings, as described by Helander and Zhang ( 1997 ) , is affected by biomechanical factors and weariness. The beginnings of such uncomfortableness are listed in Table 2.1.Table 2.1 Causes of siting uncomfortableness ( Helander and Zhang, 1997 ) .Human experience mannerBiomechanicalSeat/EnvironmentPhysiology causesEngineering causesBeginningPainPainPainDiscomfortPerspirationPerceptCirculation occlusionIschemiaNerve occlusion light upVisual/auditory/tactilePressurePressurePressure trembleingMaterialBreathability formulate/vibratio nShock absorber stiffnessSeat contour fomite driveVinyl upholsteryVehicle costZhang et Al. ( 2006 ) presented a a priori reckon that illustrates the interaction of comfort and uncomfortableness as shown in form 2.1. Passage from uncomfortableness to comfort and frailty versa are possible in the intersection of the axes. Hence, if uncomfortableness is change magnitude, such as with a eagle-eyeder clip within undertaking and weariness, comfort will diminish. Its agencies that good biomechanics may non increase the degree of comfort, it is likely that hapless biomechanics turns comfort into uncomfortableness.PassageDiscomfortPoor BiomechanicsAnd TirednessComfortWell being andPlushness approximate 2.1 Hypothetical Model of Discomfort and comfort ( Zhang et al. , 2006 ) .Millet and Pignede ( 2001 ) described the comfort methodological depth psychology, where is to avoid introducing with a comfort mark and burying other facets. They pitch explained that when interior interior desig ner make a great betterment on a specific facet of comfort and if, at the same clip, the interior decorator induce a job for another comfort facet, the consequence is the uncomfortable place. They besides defined their comfort oval as shown in token 2.2. radiation pattern 2.2 The 10 points of comfort ( Millet and Pignede, 2001 ) .Kolich ( 2008 ) described that seat are required to fulfill culture-based penchants and outlook of place comfort. For illustration, the Western European, by and large, are thought to prefer firmer seats as compared to North Ameri do-nothings. The writer besides visualized the factors that impressing carmobile place comfort as in Figure 2.3.Figure 2.3 Factors carry oning subjective perceptual experiences of machine place comfort ( Kolich, 2008 ) .Position as described by Kolich ( 2008 ) , is the just about of import single factor. While the consequence of position is assumed to be important, it is hard to turn to because residents with similar anthr opometric features may sit in wholly different organic social structure places. Stiffness, geometry, contour, breathability, and titling are considered seat factors. Stiffness refers to the resilience of the place constitution. Geometry defines place form in footings of breadth, length, and tallness, whereas contour trades with the profile of the sitting surface ( e.g. location and prominence of lumbar vertex ) . The place s geometry and contour mustiness suit the anthropometry variableness of the mark population. Breathability, as it pertains to the well-heeled trim ( i.e. foam denseness and fabric building ) , may impact car place comfort in utmost environmental conditions. Styling must be included as a place factor because aesthetic quality may impact perceptual experiences of comfort, in the same manner as nameplate or purchase monetary value of vehicle. Runkle ( 1994 ) described the Lear s place comfort benchmarking methodological analysis which incorporates and integrates quartette tools into a individual comprehensive place comfort analysis market research surveies, benchmarking surveies, organic structure force per unit playing theatre of operations distri furtherion analyses and gentlemans gentleman factors surveies of anthropometric informations. The consequences concluded that good aesthetics, well- knowing and comfy are more of import than physical parametric quantities in a place design.De Looze et Al. ( 2003 ) proposed a hypothetic account of siting comfort and uncomfortableness as shown in Figure 2.4. The left side of the theoretical account is about the seating uncomfortableness. At the human race degree, the exposure , drug . response and capacity is the chief issues of the take shape-related physical ailments. The external exposure factors bring forthing a perturbation of the internal province ( dose ) of an person. The dosage may submit a cascade of mechanical, biomechanical or physiological response. The extent to which ext ernal exposure leads to an internal dosage and responses, depends on the physical capacity of the person. The loading factor of a sitting individual ca utilize by the physical features of the office place, the environment and the undertaking. These external tonss related to muscle activation, internal force, intra-discal force per unit theater, nervus and circulation inclusion, and tegument and organic structure temperature rise, arousing farther chemical, physiological and biomechanical responses. The right side is concerns comfort, such as feelings of relaxation and wellbeing. In the theoretical account, the physical and psycho-social factors such as occupation happiness and societal swan are playing a function at context degree. At the place degree, aesthetic design and physical characteristics may impact the feelings of comfort. At human degree the influential factors are assumed to be single outlook and other single feelings or emotions.Figure 2.4 Theoretical theoretical acc ount of comfort and uncomfortableness and its implicit in factors at the human, place and context degree ( De Looze et al. , 2003 ) .2.3 Aircraft Passenger SeatWorld market has become really competitory in the concern and premiere class sections as this tend to give higher net income border in comparing with the frugal governing body w water borders have been combat zone by the new low-priced air hoses. The reaching of the new flourishing economic systems of China and India and the bing tiger economic systems pushed the demand for concern travellers on long draw flights really high. The air hoses responded by offering new degree of comfort and edification. The aircraft place maker have designed and manufactured the aircraft rider to study the safety and comfort during air travel ( SEAT, 2006 ) .2.3.1 Current Aircraft Passenger SeatSwiss based company designed the air-fill chamber to replace the conventional froth. Pneumatic impingement absorbers adjust automatically to sitin g and kiping places with air Chamberss. repayable to the adaptative constructions of air chamber, riders feel no force per unit area points and flock typeset saccade absorber wisdom separately ( Lantal Textiles, 2010a ) . Since 2009, all concern and first phratry seats of the SWISS long-haul fleet were equipped with Lantal s advanced pneumatic comfort system. It sets new criterions in rider comfort and has a direct impact on the profitableness of air hoses. Four place companies, viz. , B/E Aerospace, Contour, ZIM Flugsitz and Recaro implemented Lantal s pneumatic comfort system in their aircraft place ( Lantal Textiles, 2010b ) . The Lantal s pneumatic comfort system is a inactive control system, where rider needs to set the hardness of air chamber manually.Thompson Solutions developed new economic system place, the Cozy Suite. The Cozy Suite provides each rider with two armrests. The place is designed to assist aircraft rider to kip. It has contoured shoulder country and offe rs wider articulatio genus infinite compared to standard siting designs of the same pitch. It besides features a alone hands-free, tip-up place base, which makes it easier to acquire in and out of window seats, and aid to diminish embarkation and deplaning times ( James and Kington, 2008 ) . The new place design claimed to increase 14 % of economic system category rider seats in Boeing B767-400. The Cozy Suite foc employ on legroom, armrests, air hoses gross, place measure, easiness of emersion, personal infinite and dedicated kiping country ( Thompson Aero Seating, 2009 ) .B/E Aerospace exhibited its economic system category Spectrum rider place. The new platform is 10 % igniter in weight and provides over 14 % extra tone infinite. The developed place includes a graven Crytalflex back support system and meets the 2009 Head Injury Criteria ( HIC ) demands. Recaro Aircraft Seating presented a new version of its single-beam Comfort bank line 3610 economic system category place. The place increases the legroom even at a comparatively short place pitch. The new place have comfort characteristics include kinematics that improve the seating angle, a flexible head res moderatet, a foot cyberspace and ultra-thin visible radiation lightweight aluminum backrest with comfort netting ( James and Kington, 2008 ) .Air New Zealand introduced the Skycouch , a lie-flat economic system and premium economic system place in twelvemonth 2010. The Skycouch is a specially designed row of three seats, has been engineered to make a lie-flat, flexible infinite all the manner to the seat-back in forepart, supplying a topographic point for the childs to play, or the devoted grail of economic system travel- a level surface for grownups to loosen up and kip ( Air New Zealand, 2010 ) .Based on the survey on current aircraft rider place development from twelvemonth 2008 to 2010, the aircraft place makers and airliners were focused on the igniter and dilutant place every bit good as mor e seats to set in the cabin.2.4 EXISTING NECK SUPPORT DURING TRAVEL2.4.1 locomote Type write out SupportFrom the swop hunt utilizing web services, several neck supports related merchandises were found. There are different types of uterine neck supports that used during air travel such as expansive cervix roost ( Pilot Paul, 2010 ) , polyester filled pillow ( Pilot Paul, 2010 ) , memory froth pillow ( Pilot Paul, 2010 ) , feather filled pillow ( Nick Robinson, 2010 ) and the aircraft place with neck support ( mainland China Pacific, 2010 Qantas, 2010 ) .Inflatable Neck PillowThe inflatable cervix pillow can be found from any travel store at low monetary value. The chief job with inflatable cervix pillow is that they normally fail by developing a slow leak and upseting the user during remainder. The air inside the inflatable travel cervix pillow will spread out and contract the as the aircraft alterations altitude. This is because the cabin superlative degree alterations in proportion to the plane s height. As the cabin height ascents, the air in the pillow expands. As the plane descends, it contracts. The pillow size alteration is relative to the height alteration. These cheap travel pillows seldom last more than two or three trips. The better 1s do last thirster. Another disadvantage of the less expensive air travel pillows is the vinyl stuff can acquire hot and gluey against your face. The chief advantage of inflatable travel pillows is that they take small room in your baggage. They are besides lighter than any of the other types, particularly the Polygonum fagopyrum 1s ( Pilot Paul, 2010 ) .Memory Foam Travel PillowThe memory froth travel pillow provides tonss of support and stabilisation and is highly comfy. A travel cervix pillow made with memory froth will last umpteen old ages. It should last much longer than an inflatable or poly-filled one. Foam travel pillows do an first-class occupation of keeping your point still therefore leting you to kip. Memory foam casts in response to your organic structure form, weight and heat to organize a pressure-free cradle of support. When user is non utilizing it, a froth travel cervix pillow compresses good to suit in your carry-on bag. They are comparatively lightweight. While memory froths travel pillows can be some of the most expensive among other neck support pillow ( Pilot Paul, 2010 ) .Polyester Travel PillowThe polyester travel pillow does non supply the support and stabilisation like memory froth or Polygonum fagopyrum travel pillows. Some air hose such as KLM and China Southern Airlines do provide polyester pillow in the cabin. The advantage of polyester travel pillow is low cost ( Pilot Paul, 2010 ) .Feather change PillowThe plume filled pillows are really soft, cuddly and fictile. The pillow contours to the caput and cervix sensible good and supply more support than down. The pillow can be scrunched to supply better support to user caput and cervix. The plume pillows weigh really small, normally weigh no more than a lb or two ( Nick Robinson, 2010 ) .Feather pillows frequently do non keep important support throughout the dark because they tend to drop in to some grade. As a consequence, the user needs to set the pillow during remainder. And botching the pillow or agitating it may besides be required to return the pillow to its preferable loft. As the pillow ages, increased fluffing or shaking will be required. The difficult quills of the plumes can frequently be noticed through the congresswoman and can even jab through. Further, the pillow creates crunching-like noise when the pillows are compressed because the plumes can incorporate difficult parts or because the pillow has a fictile bed to forestall the plumes from jabing through. Finally, plume pillows have been known on juncture to hold an olfactory decorousty, possibly of H2O poultry or chemicals used to clean the plumes ( Nick Robinson, 2010 ) .2.4.2 Long Distance Commercial Vehicle Pa ssenger Seat with Neck SupportThe Coach Passenger Seat with Neck SupportLong-distance manager services, besides called show up coachs or interurban managers, have in common that they cater for conveyance demands outside urban agglomerations, normally from metropolis to metropolis, frequently besides functioning towns non good served by rail on their manner ( van de Velde, 2009 ) . The manager rider place is one of the of import characteristics to guarantee the comfort of the rider for long distance travel. For illustration, an bear witness manager that travels from Singapore to Thailand as showed in Figure 2.5 was equipped with cervix and leg support for their rider comfort during long distance travel.Figure 2.5 The luxury manager rider place with neck support ( Five Star Tours, 2010 ) .The Train Passenger Seat with Neck SupportFor the long distance high hurrying rail, such as ICE, Thalys and Eurostar offered luxury rider place to guarantee the siting comfort of rider during trai n travel. German ICE offered the rider place with the cervix support as showed in Figure 2.6. The cervix support is a soft shock absorber that attached to the place with two strings. Thalys ( Figure 2.7 ) and Eurostar ( Figure 2.8 ) offered similar rider place with same side support for caput and cervix.Figure 2.6 The German train ICE rider place with neck support.Figure 2.7 The Gallic train Thalys rider place with neck support ( Raileurope, 2010 ) .Figure 2.8 The Eurostar rider place with neck support ( Bembridge, 2007 ) .The Aircraft Passenger Seat with Neck SupportThe economic system category place of major air hoses such as KLM, Malaysia Airlines, Qantas Airlines and Cathay Pacific Airlines equipped with adjustable caput remainder to better the caput and cervix comfort during air travel. The headrest of economic system category place is a automatically device that support caput and cervix. The device needs to be modify manually by the rider for comfort betterment. The headrest ( Figure 2.9 ) that forthcoming in the economic system category aircraft place of Cathay Pacific Airlines able to adjusts in four ways up, down and sideways ( with the adjustable ears ) . The head restraint is to maximise comfort and support for rider caput and cervix ( Cathay Pacific, 2010 ) . Subsequently, the Qantas A380 economic system category place besides equipped with the caput remainder wing for caput and cervix support ( Qantas, 2010 ) . Most of the headrest that available in current aircraft rider is a mechanical system where the rider needs to set the caput remainder manually to the needed place. Figure 2.10 showed the Qantas economic system category aircraft rider place.Figure 2.9 The Cathay Pacific Airlines economic system category aircraft place with constitutional cervix support ( Cathay Pacific, 2010 ) .Figure 2.10 The Qantas Airline economic system category aircraft place with neck support ( Travelhouseuk s Travel Blog, 2010 ) .2.5 OBJECTIFYING AND SUBEJCTIFYING OF SEAT ( DIS ) Comfort2.5.1 Relationship of clinical measurings to siting comfort and uncomfortablenessThe design of vehicle s seating for improved drive uncomfortableness is one of the primary ends for vehicle makers. Comfort measuring is hard because of such factors as user subjectiveness, resident physician anthropometry, place geometry, and sum of clip spent sitting ( Thakurta et al. , 1995 ) . A great trade of research has been performed in recent old ages to happen nonsubjective move for foretelling place comfort perceptual experience. Some of the proposed nonsubjective step include quiver, porthole force per unit area, and musculus activeness. These nonsubjective steps are correlated with subjective informations to find the comparative effects of each step related to comfort ( Nawayseh and Griffin, 2005 ) . Research has shown that some of the chief factors that affect siting comfort are seat-interface force per unit area distribution, whole-body quiver and force per u nit area alteration rate ( Boggs, 2004 ) .Position AnalysisCAEPressureEpinephrineSpinal fill upOxygen ImpregnationTemperature and HumidityObjective MeasurementsElectromyogramVibration EvaluationEtc.ElectroencephalogramA huge bulk of nonsubjective steps used for measuring comfort and uncomfortableness. From the lit hunt, the nonsubjective measuring methods for place such as force per unit area distribution, position, computer-aided design ( CAD ) , computer-aided engineering science ( CAE ) , temperature, humidness, quiver, electromyography ( electromyogram ) , and epinephrine. Figure 2.11 shows an overview of different nonsubjective measuring methods for place comfort and uncomfortableness.Figure 2.11 Overview of different nonsubjective measuring methods for place comfort and uncomfortableness.From the literature hunt utilizing computerized systems such as ScienceDirect, force per unit area measuring is used to analyze the uncomfortableness feeling among the drivers. Pressure meas uring method is the most used method for the place developer to quantify the comfort and uncomfortableness of sitting individuals ( Adreoni et al. , 2002 Boggs, 2004 Lee et al. , 1988 Nawayseh and Griffin, 2005 Yun et al. , 1992 ) . The instruments that used in force per unit area measuring, viz. , force per unit area mat, force per unit area proctor system, force detector, place twist mensurating device and force per unit area imagination system.The automotive industry strongly encourages research in the landing field of nonsubjective comfort appraisal, particularly dedicated to the place and the related positions ( Bustrom et al. , 2006 Scarlett et al. , 2007 ) . Driver position is one of the of import issues to be considered in the vehicle design result ( Wu and Chen, 2004 ) sing non merely the auto and the user ( Kolich et al. , 2006 Schust et al. , 2006 ) but besides the proveal conditions. The instruments that used in the position measuring are camera, optoelectroni c system ( Andreoni et al. , 2002 Brazier et al. , 2002 ) ride position supervise system, digital signal processing, supersonic device ( Brazier et al. , 2002 Park et al. , 2000 ) , 3D gesture analysis ( Park et al. , 2000 ) , and gesture measuring system ( Bush and Phaeda, 2003 ) .A major part of the quivers experienced by the residents of an car enters the organic structure through the place ( Choi and Han, 2003 ) . Whole-body quivers, which are perpendicular quivers, tend to impact the human organic structure the most. These quivers are transmitted to the natess and dorsum of the resident along the vertebral axis via the base and dorsum of the place ( Wereley and Choi, 2005 ) . The instruments that used are perpendicular quiver simulator, angulator rate detector, accelerometer and whole organic structure quiver measuring. Six surveies have used computer-aided technology ( CAE ) methods to quantify the sitting individual comfort such as finite component method ( Choi et al. , 2007 ) , practical world ( Marler et al. , 2007 ) , simulation method ( Kolich and White, 2004 Seitz et al. , 2005 Verver et al. , 2005 ) and unreal intelligence technique ( Kolich et al. , 2004 ) .Other surveies for nonsubjective measurings are related to human physiology. The physiology of human such as encephalon, musculus, bosom, tegument and spinal can be used to mensurate the sitting individual comfort or uncomfortableness degree. The spinal burden measurings have been performed in two surveies. Five surveies are carried out to mensurate the tegument temperature and humidness degree. Two surveies utilizing electromyography ( EMG ) to mensurate the musculus reaction in relation with the capable uncomfortableness feeling. There is a survey which used epinephrine content in the piss to mensurate the driver s stress degree. Besides, the encephalon activity can be detected by electroencephalography ( EEG ) every bit good as O impregnation can be used to mensurate discomfort degr ee of sitting individual excessively.Pressure Measurements The force per unit area distribution method is the most common method that used by research workers to mensurate place comfort objectively. Several research workers have measured the force per unit area at the human-seat interface utilizing electronic detectors ( capacitive, resistive, strain gage ) , pneumatic and electro-pneumatic. However, the visco-elastic behaviour at the interface is wholly altered by the detectors used ( Nawayseh and Griffin, 2005 ) . Andreoni et Al. ( 2002 ) used force per unit area mat to garner shock absorber and backrest force per unit area informations during inactive conditions and existent drive activity. Gyi et Al. ( 1997 ) evaluated the place force per unit area measuring engineerings that used in the anticipation if driver uncomfortableness for assorted auto place designs, and supply interior decorators and makers with rapid information wee in the design mathematical process. Lee et Al. ( 1998 ) recruited 100 topics and 16 seats to happen the correlativities between force per unit area informations and comfort. They stated that the correlativity is non high pile to be the footing for any design determination. Yun et Al. ( 1992 ) studied the correlativity between force per unit area distribution and topical anaesthetic uncomfortableness of auto seats. The consequence found that force per unit area distribution at the low back and buttock country was statically correlated to local uncomfortableness in auto seats.There are huge bulk of nonsubjective steps used for measuring comfort. They were created based on the comparing of different place designs with similar types of place shock absorbers that are widely used in the automotive industry, i.e. urethane froth shock absorbers. The kineticss of air-inflated place shock absorbers is really different from that of foam shock absorbers in footings of their interface with the human organic structure. Further surveies should be performed to utilize alternate methods of rating that can efficaciously measure the kineticss at the interface between the shock absorber and the human organic structure. In add-on, the vehicle place interior decorator should see the soft tissue in contact with a soft place surface. Figure 2.12 shows the assorted force per unit area measuring techniques that used in the place development.Ocular fibres deviceSAE AM50 cheek signifier indentorTalley force per unit area proctor systemPressure feeling mat ( piezo resistive )Highest extremum force per unit area measuringLower extremum force per unit areaPliance system( Pressure distribution )Pressure and contact country measuringPressure detectorsForce sensor/transducersPressure matSeat distortion mensurating device( Strain gage )PressureFigure 2.12 Assorted force per unit area measuring techniques.Position Analysis The automotive industry strongly encourages research in the field of nonsubjective comfort appraisal, particularly dedic ated to the place and the related positions ( Bustrom et al. , 2006 Scarlett et al. , 2007 ) . Driver position is one of the most of import issues to be considered in the vehicle design procedure ( Wu and Chen, 2004 ) sing non merely the auto and the user ( Kolich et al. , 2006 Schusr et al. , 2006 ) but besides the experimental conditions. Figure 2.13 shows the different nonsubjective measuring techniques for position analysis.Optoelectronic systemDriving position monitoring system ( DPMS )Digital signal processingShock absorber lading indentorSupersonic device of tactual explorationBody motion measuring3D optical maser scanningPosition analysis3D co-ordinate measurement machineVideo Camera( obesevation )Motion measuring system3D gesture analysisPositionFigure 2.13 Objective measuring techniques for position analysis.Vibration Measurements A major part of the quivers experienced by the residents of an car enters the organic structure through the place ( Choi and Han, 2003 ) . Who le-body quivers, which are perpendicular quivers, tend to impact the human organic structure the most. These quivers are transmitted to the natess and dorsum of the resident along the vertebral axis via the base and dorsum of the place ( Wereley and Choi, 2005 ) . Since the natural frequence for the human bole falls in the scope of 4-8 Hz, it is expected that the whole organic structure quivers that will most mostly affect riders will happen in this frequence scope ( Ofori-Boetang, 2003 ) . Figure 2.14 shows the nonsubjective measuring methods in quiver analysis.Vertical quiver simulatorAngulator rate detectorAccelerometerWhole organic structure quiver measuringVibrationFigure 2.14 The nonsubjective measuring methods for quiver analysis.Temperature and Humidity Measurements Thermal comfort is an of import facet to be considered in the biotechnologies rating of the driver seats, which are important interfaces between adult antheral and machine in car. Determining caloric comfort in vehicle is a complex undertaking, because thermic comfort involves the interaction of many a(prenominal) variables and cars are susceptible to temporal fluctuations in their thermic environments ( Mehta and Tewari, 2000 ) . As shown in Figure 2.15, air velocity, air temperature, humidness and average beaming temperature are used to find the temperature and humidness of the place objectively.Air velocity detectorAir temperature detectorMean beaming temperatureHumidity detectorTemperature andHumidityFigure 2.15 The nonsubjective measuring methods for temperature and humidness.Computer-aided Technology Due to the promotion of the figure machine system, computer-aided technology ( CAE ) is used to back up scientists and applied scientists in undertakings such as simulation, analysis, design, industry, planning, diagnosing and fix. The usage of CAE could ease the place development procedure. In the early phases of the design procedure a new design can be tested for its grade of comfor t by computing machine simulations with theoretical accounts of the human and the place. This allows makers to rush up the design procedure of a new place or interior and sunburn down costs. Verver et Al. ( 2004 ) used the finite component theoretical account of the human natess to foretell the inactive force per unit area distribution between human and siting surface by it detailed and realistic geometric description. Hix et Al. ( 2000 ) developed technology methods and expertness in the country of truck place patterning to capture the effects of place kineticss on drive quality. Figure 2.16 shows some CAE techniques that used to mensurate the place objectively.PAM comfort simulation toolVirtual HumanMathematicaMADYMORAMSISAnyBody Modeling SystemArtificial Intelligence( GA, Fuzzy, SVM )ADAMS/FigureABAQUA/CASIMIRALASKA/DYNAMICUSCAEFigure 2.16 CAE techniques for place developmentPhysiological Measurements Biological parametric quantities such as bosom rate, musculus, and piss can be used to mensurate the place comfort objectively. The biological parametric quantity is based on human organic structure physiological or orthopaedic phenomenon. For illustration, electromyography ( EMG ) signals is used to mensurate the myoelectrical activity of musculuss ( Inagaki et al. , 2000 ) , epinephrine in the piss can be used to mensurate the human emphasis degree ( Uenishi et al. , 2002 ) , electroencephalography ( EEG ) is used to mensurate the human encephalon activity ( Zhang et al. , 2006 ) , and O impregnation is used to look into the human uncomfortableness. Lim et Al. ( 2006 ) used a method of ECG measuring without direct contact with the tegument while topics sat on a chair have oning normal apparels. Figure 2.17 shows the assorted nonsubjective measuring methods for physiological analysis.Metabolic rateRelative humidness( Skin wettedness detector )CT scanElectrocardiography( ECG )Electromyography ( EMG )Skin wet trial ( Skincon-200/IBs )Physiological clime simula tor ( CYBOR )A double manner dynamometerSpinal burdenHeat flux detectorSkin temperature detectorX rayOxygen impregnation measuring( Somanetics Oximeter )EpinephrineElectroencephalography ( EEG )PhysiologyFigure 2.17 Various nonsubjective measuring methods for physiological analysis.2.5.2 Relationship of subjective measurings to siting comfort and uncomfortablenessDue to the deficiency of proved analytical prosodies, vehicle makers have opted to trust on subjective ratings as the chief indication of place comfort. The vehicle makers developed elaborative subjective rating protocols that involved extremely construction questionnaires ( Ahmadian et al. , 2002 ) . The questionnaires direct residents to delegate feelings of uncomfortableness to a specific part of place. The questionnaires, which typically contain numeral graduate tables ( e.g. 1 = really uncomfortable to 10 = really comfy ) , produce subjective evaluations that are translated into public presentation requirements/ spec s ( Yagiz, 2004 ) . A decently designed questionnaire is paramount because it affords research workers an instrument from which to set up theories ( Brooks and Parsons, 1999 ) .Local Discomfort rate Local uncomfortableness evaluation is used to mensurate the uncomfortableness of topics while sitting. Harmonizing to Kolich ( 2008 ) , many research workers have adopted Hertzberg ( 1972 ) definition because, in the current environment, it is more straightforward to quantify uncomfortableness than to mensurate comfort. The local uncomfortableness evaluation graduated table can be rate on a graduated table such as 1 to 10 or -10 to 10. Shen and Parsons ( 1997 ) used the class partitioning graduated table ( CP50 ) for evaluation seated force per unit area strength and perceived uncomfortableness. There are 16 surveies related with local uncomfortableness evaluation. Whereas there are six surveies related to local comfort evaluation.In the survey by Mehta and Tewari ( 2000 ) , 10 point gr aduated table local uncomfortableness is used to mensurate the tractor place comfort. The work is to project the most appropriate method of appraisal and choice of tractor seats from technology and biomechanical position point. Eklund and Corlett ( 1987 ) used local uncomfortableness with ocular parallel graduated table to analyze the correlativity between bole and back uncomfortableness.Local Comfort Rating Kyung et Al. ( 2008 ) used several subjective evaluation strategies to look into the most effectual manner for usage in planing and measuring auto place, and to happen the relationship among these strategies. There are entire 27 Participants completed short-run drive Sessionss, in six combinations of seats ( from vehicles ranked high and low on overall comfort ) , vehicle category ( sedan and SUV ) , and driving locale ( lab based and field ) . Overall evaluations were obtained, every bit good as separate steps of comfort and uncomfortableness of the whole organic structure and local organic structure parts.For the aircraft place, Parakkat et Al. ( 2006 ) investigated the long continuance effects of sitting in the expulsion place shock absorber. Subjective comfort study informations and cognitive public presentation informations is used in the probe. Zhang et Al. ( 2007 ) studied the thermic esthesiss, overall thermic acceptableness and thermic comfort on ocular parallel graduated tables. 7-point graduated table thermic comfort for each of the organic structure elements is used in this studied.Body mold In the organic structure mapping method, the sensed uncomfortableness is referred to a portion of the organic structure. The topic is evaluation the organic structure countries sing uncomfortableness and to rate this uncomfortableness on a given graduated table. Kyung et Al. ( 2008 ) used a ocular organic structure mapping linear graduated table as shown in Figure 2.18 to obtain overall evaluations of comfort and uncomfortableness for the whole organic st ructure. For the work by Zenk et Al. ( 2007 ) , the uncomfortableness for each organic structure portion is rated on the uncomfortableness graduated table and apportion this appraisal to a specific section of the organic structure parts in border with the place.Figure 2.18 The organic structure function for comfort and uncomfortableness evaluation ( Kyung et al. , 2008 ) .Seat Function In the place function method, the place is divided into different subdivision to measure the seating comfort and uncomfortableness. Inagaki et Al. ( 2000 ) divided the place into 16 sections to measure place comfort based on 5-point graduated table. The fit feeling and soft feeling of the sitting place were converted to points of stimulation that the human organic structure received. Figure 2.19 shows the place mapping method by Inagaki et Al. ( 2000 ) .Figure 2.19 Evaluation of place comfort based on place function ( Inagaki et al. , 2000 ) .2.6 TOTAL DESIGNEntire design is defined as the system atic activity requirement, from the designation of the market/user demand, to the trade of the successful merchandise to fulfill that demand an activity that encompasses merchandise, procedure, people and organisation ( Pugh, 1990 ) . Entire design has been developed into an integrating model or methodological analysis that encapsulates all facets of the new merchandise development ( Ion, 1995 ) .As mentioning to Figure 2.20, entire design is represented by an activity theoretical account that breaks the design procedure into six iterative phases- market reappraisals, merchandise design specification, construct design, item design, fabrication and merchandising. The attack accent the front terminal of the design procedure and includes many methods which are of direct relevancy to the apprehension of the market demands. The cardinal nucleus of activities as represented by the six stages is present in all design irrespective of subject. All design starts, or should get down with a demand that may be satisfied by bring forthing a merchandise that will suit into an bing market or make a market of its ain. This demand is expanded in the initial phases of the design procedure into a liberal merchandise design specification. This specification reflects the client demand and influences and restraints the remainder of activity. It is followed by conceptual procedure and item design. A merchandise that meets the merchandise design specification be developed and specified ( Ion, 1995 ) .Figure 2.20 Entire design activity theoretical account ( Ion, 1995 ) .To enable the design squad to run efficaciously and expeditiously, it is necessary to utilize a broad assortment of techniques and methods. These methods are straight related to the nucleus stages and efficaciously organize the design squad s tool kit. Design methods may associate to analysis, synthesis, determination devising or some other facet of design and can either be independent of subject or engineering, su ch as originative methods, or subject specific, such as emphasis or thermodynamic analysis. The entire design attack is to the full harmonious with the rules of concurrent technology ( Ion, 1995 ) .2.7 ELECTROMYOGRAPHY AND STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID MUSCLEAn electromyography ( EMG ) signal is used to mensurate the myolectrical activity of musculuss. Muscles contractions send a mensurable electric potency that can be recorded by EMG ( Lee et al. , 1995 ) . Surface electromyography ( sEMG ) has been used in research and clinical applications for the non-invasive analysis of cervix musculuss to supply information about musculoskeletal conditions ( Falla et al. , 2002 ) . Sommerich et Al. ( 2000 ) discusses that at least a few of the musculuss of import for neck motion and stabilisation are accessible with surface electrodes. One of the musculuss is sternocleidomastoid ( SCM ) , where SCM is responsible for flexure, whirligig converter motion and sidelong bending. Figure 2.21 shows the ster nocleidomastoid musculus.Sternocleidomastoid musculusFigure 2.21 The sternocleidomastoid musculus ( Wikipedia, 2010 ) .Costa et Al. ( 1990 ) described the authoritative text books of anatomy and kinesiology, see caput motions such as heterolateral circular motion, homolateral disposition flexure and extension, of import maps of the sternocleidomastoid musculus. The map of the SCM musculus in caput motions of immature persons were studied electromyographically. From the consequences of the research, the caput motions performed by the SCM musculus were classified as heterolateral disposition, lengthiness, extension and flexure. Johnston et Al. ( 2008 ) studied the electromyography signals from the SCM musculus to find differences between computing machine workers with changing degrees of cervix hurting in footings of work stressors, employee strain, EMG amplitude and bosom rate response to assorted undertakings. Assorted surveies ( Ylinen et al. , 2003 Bexander et Al. 2005 Gabriel et al. , 2004 Moon et al. , 2003 Lin and Huang, 2008 ) showed that there is a relationship between electromyography ( EMG ) activity of sternocleido mastoideus ( SCM ) musculus and caput roundabout motion.The research characterized isometric rotary motion strength in the impersonal and in different pre-rotated places of the cervix. Twenty healthy work forces volunteered as topics. easy layimal axial rotary motion strength of the cervix musculuss was measured in a impersonal place and bilaterally at 30A and 60A rotary motion utilizing the isometric cervix strength measuring system. Isometric maximal voluntary contractions of the cervix musculuss in flexure and extension were tested. The highest strength values were non reached in the impersonal place, but at the largest joint angles, while turning the caput in the opposite way from the pre-rotated place. Maximal strength increased with the increasing angle, and at the 60A pre-rotation angle it was 44 % higher towards the right an d 27 % higher towards the left compared to the values obtained in the impersonal place. The smallest strength values were besides produced at the largest pre-rotation angles, but in the same way. The consequences showed a clear relationship between the pre-rotated place of the cervix and maximum voluntary strength in rotary motion ( Ylinen et al. , 2003 ) .Bexander et Al. ( 2005 ) conducted an experiment to look into the consequence of oculus place on neck musculus activity during cervical rotary motion. In the survey, the root-mean-square EMG amplitude was measured for 1 s during the period in which the place of the cervix and caput was held statically in each rotary motion angle ( 0, 15, 30, 45A ) . The EMG amplitude of left SCM was increased when the cervix rotate from 0-45A during left rotary motion and decreased during right rotary motion. The consequence of experiment indicated that activity of SCM was specific to the way of cervix rotary motion.Moon et Al. ( 2003 ) developed a method to gauge face way angle utilizing both image observation and EMG signal from cervix musculuss. The EMG signal of the SCM musculus concerned in the caput motions is measured. The collarbone part is selected as the mention point for the EMG signal measuring because the collarbone is the nearby bone from cervix and it has no musculuss. During the experiment, when the caput is rotated to the right or left, the EMG signal is measured from the SCM at the opposite side. The consequences from the experiment showed that the alterations of EMG signals are little until 30A , but additive belongingss are appeared in the scope 30A , 90A . There is a relationship between rotated caput angle and EMG signals.Lin and Huang ( 2008 ) investigated the alterations of cervix musculus activities when utilizing different pillows in a clip series and different sort of pillow. There was a important lessening of SCM activity after 9th proceedingss up to 20th proceedingss when lying down from an un sloped place and non happened to upper cowl muscle musculus. The activities of SCM cervix musculuss decreased when altering craniocervical positions. The consequences confirm the ground of participants preferred proper cervix support. Tilley and Dreyfuss ( 2001 ) conducted human factors research impact everything in day-to-day life. In their measuring on caput rotary motion angle for adult male and adult female as mentioning to Figure 2.22, they defined that the caput confronting front or in 0A is the most comfort caput place. From 0A to 45A is the easy caput rotary motion angle scope and 60A is the maximal caput rotary motion angle.0A Most caput comfort45A Easy caput rotary motion60A Max caput rotary motion comfort45A60AFrontFigure 2.22 The caput rotary motion angle from top position ( adapted from Tilley and Dreyfuss, 2001 ) .2.8 SummaryLiteratures have provided theoretical theoretical account of siting comfort and uncomfortableness. There are different factors that affected the h uman comfort during travel, such as force per unit area, quiver, temperature and position. The rider has different degree of comfort and uncomfortableness during air travel. For the bing cervix support during travel, most of the cervix support used by rider is inactive back uping system where the rider needs to set the support when he/she feels uncomfortableness. There is no such adaptative cervix support for current aircraft place. Therefore, the end of this thesis work is to develop a cervix support system that can cut down the cervix musculus emphasis adaptively. There are different attacks that used to understand the comfort and uncomfortableness of sitting objectively every bit good as subjectively. Objective and subjective measuring methods can be unite for measuring both the comfort and uncomfortableness belongingss of seats. Literature reappraisal sing the cervix musculus showed that people need proper cervix support to cut down the cervix uncomfortableness. For this ground, sternocleidomastoid musculus that is responsible of caput rotary motion was selected for the proof of the developed smart cervix support system with surface electromyography methods.